6 
Farmers' Bulletin 10,'),"). 
WASTE AND ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM IMPERFECTIONS. 
An idea of the damage to the resulting leather from hides and 
skins having some of the defects just mentioned and of the loss be- 
cause of the limited use to which such leather can be put may be 
gained from the illustrations, figures 1 to 8. Only hides relatively 
Fig. 1. — Leather unfit for many purposes as the result of damage from numerous score? 
(wavy lines) and cuts (black lines and holes). Result: Lower prices for hides, higher 
prices for good leather. 
free from imperfections bring the best prices, because they yield the 
higher-priced products, such as belting, harness, carriage, and furni- 
ture leather. 
Injuries caused by grubs, ticks, and brands during the life of the 
animal also affect adversely the market prices of both packer and 
country hides and skins. Means for the eradication of the tick are 
now well known and are being use with much success; processes for 
the elimination of the grub are being studied by many investigators. 
Branding alone is the cause of an appalling loss. The brands are 
often applied to both sides of the animal, anywhere from shoulder to 
