PYRRHULAGRA. — I'YRRHULAUDA. 
397 
purpurea Temminck. = Carpodacus j)urpureus Gray. 
pusilla Degland, Ornitli. Euiop. J 849. I. 194. = Passer pusillus Pall. 
pyrrhomelas Vieillot, Encycl. moth, 1027. — Spermophila aurantia. 
raptor Cabot, Boston Journ. nat. hist. 1845. V. 90. Tb. 22. 
rhodochlamys Brandt, Bullet, acad. Peteisbg. 1843. I. 3G3. — Carpodacus 
rhodochlamys Bonap. 
Kobinsoni Gosse, Illustr. Birds Jamaica Tb. =: Spermophila violacea Gray. 
rosea Temminck, Man. Ornith. I. 335. Carpodacus roseus Kaup. 
rabicilla Pallas, Zoogr. ross. as. II. 7. [Europa. 
Loxia pyrrhula Linne, Syst. Nat. 300. — Buffon, PI. enlnm. 145. Fig. 1. 2. 
Fringilla p)yrrhula Meyer, Vögel Liv.-Estbl. 81. 
Pyrrhula ruf a Kocii, Syst. baier. Zool. 227. 
Pyrrhula europaea Vieillot, Encycl. méth. 1Ô21. 
Emberiza coccinea Sander, Naturforscher XIII. 199. 
Pyrrhula vulgaris Naumann, Natg. Vögel Deutschl. IV. 383. Tf. 111. — 
Bonaparte, List Birds Eur. 38. — Degland, Ornith. Europ. I. 250. 
Pyrrhula inleata Macgillivray, Hist. brit. Birds. 
Pyrrhula germanica^ P. peregrina, P. minor Brehm, Vögel Deutschl. 252. 
Dompfaff", Pfäffchen, gemeiner Gimpel, Quieschßnk, — Bouvreille. — Bull- 
finch. — Goudwink. — Ciufolotto. — Doru taffe. 
rubrirostris Vieillot, Encycl. méth. 1027. = Spermophila hypoleuca Gray. 
rufa Kocii, Syst. baier. Zool. 227. = Pyrrhula rubicilla Pall. 
sanguinolenta Temminck, Fauna japon. 92. Tb. 54. = Uragus sanguinolentus. 
serinus Blasius u. Keyserling, Wirbeith. Eur. = Serinus hortulanus Koch. 
sibirica Vieillot, Encycl. méth. 1025. = Uragus sibiricus Blas. 
sinaica Rüppell, syst. Uebers. NOAfr. 79. = Carpodacus sinaiticus Lichtst. 
striolata Rüppel, Fauna Abyssin. Taf. 37. Fig. 1. = Crithagra striolata 
Gray. 
synoica Temminck, PI. color, 375. Fig. 1.2. = Carpodacus sinaiticus Bonap. 
telasco Lesson, Voy. Coquille 6G3. Tb. 15. Fig. 3. — Sporophila telasco Cab. 
torrida Temminck, Tabl. méth. 43. = Coccoborus torridus Cab. 
undulata Vieillot, Encycl. méth. 1025. — Spec, indet. • 
vetula Natterer. — Spermophila plumbea Pelz. 
viMacea Gosse, Birds Jamaica 254. = Spermophila violacea Gray. 
viridis Lesson. .= Spermophila olivacea Gray. 
vulgaris Temminck, Man. Ornith. I. 338. = Pyrrhula rubicilla Pall. 
PYRRHULAGRA Schiff. — Bonaparte: , Conspect. Avium I. 492. = Spermo- 
phila SWAINS. 
noctis Bonaparte, 1. c. 439. = Spermophila noctis Gray. 
portoricensis Bonaparte, 1. c. 492. — 
ruficollis Bonaparte, 1. c. 493. = Sp>ermophila ruficollis Pelz. 
violacea Bonaparte, 1. c. 493. = Spermophila violacea Gray. 
PYRRHULAUDA (Alaudinae. — Pyrrhula, Alauda) Smith, Illustr. SAfr. Zool. 
1829. — Gray, Genera Birds IL 381. — Layard, Birds SAfrica 209. = 
Alauda Lin. 
Synon.: Megalotis Swains. — Pyrrhulalauda Rüpp. — Coraphites Cab. — Pyrgi- 
lauda Verr. 
Bill short; the sides much compressed; the tip entire; the culmen arched; 
commissure straight. Nostrils concealed by the frontal feathers. Wings moderate; 
the first quill very small and spurious; the three next equal and longest. Tail 
moderate, slightly forked. Feet black. Tarsi moderate. Toes very small. Lateral 
toes equal. Hinder claws lengthened, slightly curved. 
affinis Blyth, Ibis 1867. IIL 185. = Alauda affinis, 
australis Smith, Illustr. SAfr. Zool. Tb. 24. = Alauda australis. 
crucigera Hodgson, Zool. Miscell. 1844. 84. = Alauda gingica Gmel. 
crucigera Rüppell, syst. Uebers. NOAfr. 79. ~ Alauda nigriceps. 
frontalis Bonaparte, Conspect. Avium I. 512. = Alauda nigriceps. 
