722 
TURNAGRA. 
Turdus aureus Hollande, Faune Moselle 60. — Degland, Orn. Eur. I. 420. 
OreocMa aurea Bonaparte, Uccel. Eur. 136; Rev. Mag. Zool. 1857. 205. 
— SwiNiiOE, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863. 279. 
Oreocincla varia Cabanis, Mus. Heine. I. 6. — Sundevall, Journ. Orn. 1857. 160. 
Turdus Whitei Eyton, rare brit. Birds 92. 
Oreocincla Ilancii Swiniioe, Ibis 1863. 275. 
Turdus lunulatus Blasius. 
Oreocincla neilgherriensis Blytii, Journ. as. Soc. Bengal 1847. 141. 
varius Horsfield, Linn. Transact. XIH. 149. — Turdus malayanus Sundev. 
varius Vigors, Linn. Transact. XV. 218. = Turdus lunulatus Lath. 
villi tiiictus ScLATER, Ibis 1861. 251. [Ins. Lord Howe. \, 
Merida vinitincta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855. 165. 
violaceus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. L 829. ~ Lamprotornis violaceus Bp. 
virens Linne, Syst. Nat. L 171. (1758.) = Icteria viridis V. 
viridis Horsfield, Linn. Transact. XIII. 148. = Phyllornis javensis Moore. 
viscivorns Linne, Syst. Nat. I. 291. — Naumann, Natg. Vögel. Deutscbl. II. 
248. Tf. 66. Fig. 1. ^ [Europa. Asia. 
Turdus major Brisson, Ornith. II. 200. — Buffon, PI. enl. 489. 
Sylvia viscivora Savi, Ornitt. Tosc. I. 208. 
Ixocossyphus viscivorus Kaup, nat. Syst. 145. 
Turdus arboreus Brehm, Vögel Deutschi. 300. 
Turdus Hodgsoni de Lafresnaye. 
Turdus major, T. meridionalis Brehm, Naumannia 1855. 281. 
Turdus Bonapartei Cabanis, Journ. Ornith. 1860. 183. 
vociferans Swainson, Zool. Illustr. Ornith. Tb. 180. = Cossypha bicolor Grill. 
volitans Latïiam, Ind. Ornith. Suppl. = Seisura inquiéta Gr. 
vulpinus Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1849. 276. = Furnarius roseus Less. 
Wardii Jerdon. — Bonaparte, Compt. rend. XXXVIII. 5. [Indiu. 
Turdus micropus, T. picacoides Hodgson. $ $ 
Merula Wardi Blyth, Cat. Birds as. Soc. 163. 
Cichloscelys Wardi Bonaparte, Compt. rend. XXXVIII. 5. 
Zoothera melanoleuca Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1845. 407. 
Turdulns Wardii Jerdon, Ibis 1872. 135. 
Werneri Gene, Mem. acad. Torin. XXXVH. 296. = Turdus pallidus Gmel. 
Whitei Eyton, rare brit. Birds 92. = Turdus varius Pall. 
Wilsoni Bonaparte, Observ. Wilson Ornith. =. Turdus fuscescens Steph. 
xanthoproctos Hermann, Observât. Zool. 1804. 202. — 
xanthopus Fost. (Merula.) — Nova Caledonia. 
xaiithosceles Jardine, Contrib. Ornith. 1847. 1847. 14. Tb. 1. [Tobago. 
zeylonus Linne, Syst. Nat. I. = Telephonus bacbakiri Bl. 
TURNAGRA (Liotrichidae). — Lesson, Complet. Buffon 1837. VIH. 216. — 
Gray, Genera Birds L 227. 
Syjwn.: Keropia Gr. — Ceropia Ag. — Sturnagra Bl. — Otagon Bp. — Gramma- 
toptila Reichb. 
Bill short, broad and elevated at the base, with the culmen curved and the 
sides compressed to the emarginated tip; the lateral margins much curved and the 
gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal^ with the opening anterior, rather 
rounded and slightly covered with a few bristles and plumes. Wings moderate and 
rounded, with the fifth and sixth quills equal and longest. Tail long , broad and 
rounded. Tarsi longer the the middle toe, strong and covered in front with broad 
scales. Toes long and strong, with the outer toe longer than the inner, and united 
at its base; the hind toe long, strong, armed with a strong curved claw. — 
3 Specc. 
crassirostris Gray, List Genera Birds 38. [Nov. Zealandia 
Turdus crassirostris Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I. 815, 
Loxia turdus Forter. 
Tanagra macularia Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrolac 186. Tb. 7. Fig. 1. 
