July i, 1893.] THE TROPICAL 
AGRICULTURIST. 
ledge the yield under normal conditions {i. e. if the 
'wetther is not too hot during the flowering) may be 
esttmsted at about 90 lb., and if the conditions sboald 
be onngnally favourable it may even be macb greater- 
Bxeee»rve heat during the harvest is here, as every, 
•where else, the great enemy of the roses. A cool, 
nay, even a slightly moist temperature, is a si7ie qua 
non for a good crop of flowers and otto, and it is 
time to dismiss the antiquated saperetitioo that the 
rose requires a tropical heat lor its successful culti- 
vation »nd the development of a fine aroma. In the 
Balkan-districts the temperature, in the course of the 
winter, falls almost year by year to 50 degrees of 
frost (Ffthr.) and during the flowering period "cool 
weather " remains the ideal of the rose-farmer. 
The factory for the preparation of out ros^-spocial- 
itiea (Otto of Roses, Rose-water and Rose-pomade) 
in the centre of cur rose-fields, approaches comple- 
tion. This factory may, without exaggeration, be 
called unique. It has been our chief aim to avoid 
completely all accumulation of gathered roses. Im- 
mediately after collection the roses are consigned to 
the still, i.t. into the maoeration-vat, and they 
therefore yield their perfume in its oompletest 
freshness and delicacy. In no other part of the world 
is Bufiioient attention paid to this important factor. 
In Bulgaria, for instance, part ot the roses collected 
at dawn are not put in the still until evening, and 
it is notorious that in Southern France the flowers 
often remain piled up in heaps for hours before they 
are distilled. As our factory, as already stated, is 
situated in the centre of the rose-fields, we gather 
only the quantity of flowers immediately required for 
the manufacture of Rose-pomade, and within the space 
of a few minutes the flowers go from the bush into 
the prepared fat. 
We have so many stills in readiness for the mann- 
faoture of otto that the roaes will always go straight 
from the ooUeoting basket into the still. The present 
capacity of our stillg is calculated at a maximum 
daily consumption of fifty tons of rosea, but v/e have 
already made the necessary arringements to double 
the output at the smallest notice. Three eontaiuers 
with an aggregate heating-surface of about 356 square 
yards will generate steam. It will be patent to all 
who have inspected our wo- 1 ^ that the equipment of 
this new factory is in accordance with the severest 
technical requirements. Special attention is given to 
arraugements ensuring the minutest cleanliness in all 
departments, particularly in that of the mauufacture 
of Rose-pomade. 
Another paragraph of interest is the following ; — 
Through the kindness of the well-known co-editor 
of the " Pharmacographia mdica," Mr. T). Hooper, 
(Quinologist to the Sovernment of Madras), we re- 
ceived recently a small sample of the essential oil of 
the leaves of toddalia aculeata Pera (N. O. Rutaceae) 
a shrub which grows wild on the Kilgiri Hills, and is 
locally known aa "wild orange tree." 
All parts of this plant have a pungent, aromatio 
taste. The root is u'ed by the natives as a popular 
stomachic remedy under the name of "Malakaruncay," 
The ripe berries ate employed aa a spice, in the place 
of black pepper. The bark and leaves also are siid 
to possess therapeutic value. 
The oil is of thin coDsistenoy and pleasant odonr 
resembling at once that of lemongrass and baBilicum. 
Examination showed it to contain considerable pro- 
portions of Oitronella-aldehyde (Citronellone) and 
along with this it contains an alcoholic principle 
which boils at over 200°. A closer exnmination was 
rendered impossible throufrh want of material. Tbe 
oil appears suitable for perfumery purposes and might 
become of practical importance if it could bo pro- 
cured at a modorate price. 
We era glad to be ablo to seize this oppottuuity to 
express our sincere t hunks to Mr. Hooper, who hus 
always evinced the greatest interest in our work. 
At tbe end o( the Report there is a coloured 
piotare given of a "a Chinese Still for Cassia 
Qil " ill all its pa,rts, 
BARK AND DRUG EEPORT, 
(From the Chemist and Druggist.) 
London, May 4th. 
ClKCHONA.— At the fortDightly burk-sales, held on Tues- 
day, a fair average quantity was offered. There were 
twelve catalogues, comprising 
Pkga. Pkes. 
964 ol which 6*5 were sold 
1,620 do 1,198 do 
69 do «9 do 
191 do 77 do 
Ceylon bark 
East Indian bark 
Java bark 
West African bark 
South American 
bark 
233 do 
ii do 
3.077 2,073 
The assortment was rather poor, the bulk of the Eastern 
barks consisting of ordinary succirubra. including " one 
or two consignments of old import. At first the demand 
appeared fairly steady, bat competition' soon slackened 
and gradually the tone became more and more sluggish. 
Even the very moderate limlti at which several parcels 
wore held could not be reached, and the unusually large 
proportion of one-third of the supply was consequently 
bought in. The net result of the sale (which was gener- 
ally anticipated) was a decided decline in value, the 
unit not averaging above 15-16thB d. per lb— about aa low 
as it has ever been— and nearl? 10 per cent less than 
that of the last urecediiig auctions. 
The following were tbe approximate quantities purchased 
by the principal buyers :— 
Lb. 
Agents for the Brunswick works ... ... 134,118 
Agents for the Auerbach works ... ... 98.723 
Agents for the Frankfort o/M and Stuttgart, works 72,000 
Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works ... 85,086 
Messrs. Howards & Sons ... ... ... 35,092 
Agents for the American and Italian works ... 24,557 
Agents for the Paris works ... ... 10,430 
Sundry druggists.. ... ... ... 65,453 
Total amount ''of bark'sold ... .,. 505,458 
Bought in or withdrawn... ... ... 235,041 
Total quantity offered ... ... 740.499 
It should be borne In mind that the quantity ot bark 
purchased gives no clue to the quantity of sulphate of 
quinine acquired by the buyer. 
The following were the prices paid for sound bark ;— 
Cbvion Cinchona.- Original— Red varieties : Woody 
and duU to fair bright quilly stem and branch chips ijd 
to 2Jd ; a fine lot ; dust id ; fair to good bright 
ehavngs 2d to S^d ; common dusty root Ifd per lb. 
Grey varieties : Ordinary woody and dull chips l^d to 
2|d; fair shavings l^dto2Jd per lb. Yellow: Pair chips 
to 4jd ; good root 6^d per lb. Hybrid : Chips low 
and dusty l|d to 2£<1 ; shavings 3d to 3id per lb. Eenewed— 
Eed varieties ordinary "to fair chips IJd to 2Jd ; fair 
shavings 2d to 3d per lb. Grey ordinary to good bright 
qailly chips 3id to SJd; good bright shavings 6fd per lb. 
Hybrid chips 3Jd per lb. 
Java Cixchona.— Sixty-nine bags, trans-shipped via 
Amsterdam, of recent import, sold at 3Jd to 5d per lb 
for fair Yellow chips. 
West Afeican Cinchona.— Of 191 bales, just imported 
via Lisbon, the greater part was bought In, only two 
parcels, sound bark of Succirubra character, in broken, 
rather irregukr quill, selling at 3d per lb. and damaged 
ditto at 2^d to 2}d per lb. 
South Ameeican Cinchona.— The onlylvariety of South 
American bark offered was cultivated Bolivian Oallsaya 
of which 234 bales were shown. For fair medium broken 
quill an offer of 6d per lb was refused ; a somewhat - 
duller lot sold at 4|d per lb. 
CocoA-B UTTER.— Three hundred 2 cwt. cases of Cadbury'g 
cocoa-butter sold by auction on Tuesday at from 13Jd 
to 135d per lb. 
Indiaklbber is dull of sale, with business In fine Para 
at 33 IJd. and afterwards at 3s Id p«r lb on the spot. 
TEA IN JAPAN. 
Researches on the manufacture of various kinds 
of tea. Bulletin of the Imperial College of Agri- 
culture and Dendrology. By Y. Kozai, Aasiatant in 
the Agricultural Chemical Laboratory. (Tokio, 1890.) 
Y. Kozai is a Japanese chemist who performed his 
researches under the control of Dr. fCellner, the 
Director of the Ohomicnl Laboratory at Tokio. His 
paper includes the chemical constitution of tea, tho 
effect of tea on mankiud, the principal methods of 
manufacture employed in Japan, and the methods of 
piepariDg tsa for ooaaumption. These eubjccts aie 
