March i, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 61 f 
objeotionablf) and then only lit the expense of lofing 
the e=soii«ial volnt'Ie oil, which is diseipattd during the 
process. Tho whole chapter requires cai-eful reading 
and pniotiofll experiment will oonvinoe the sceptical of 
the advantage of the sjsteni. 
A carefully writtei and thought-out chapter on 
•'Firing" follows in which much practical informa- 
t'»a is given; and with tho exception of a sharp heat 
several dejrees over 212 degrees F. ak first, to stop 
oxiditiou at once and evenly a low firing is advocated 
and all l*ter experiments Imve confirmed the opinion 
that slow-fired teas are more flavory and purgeut than 
those worked off under high temperature. The neces- 
sity of dry air is properly insisted on, otherwise the 
leaf becomes stewe l before it is dried and further the 
output of (he machitej ia greatly reduced pei' hour. 
Oontriry to the system adopted by old fashioned 
planters, Mr. Bamber taya that final high firiag is the 
oau^e of loss of flavor, as this time the ieaf tas or 
should have little moisture in it, and that little ia 
rapidly converted into steam and this mechanically 
carries off with'it the essential oil, which is exceedingly 
volatile, and which, when present in the fully prepared 
tea, '\» flavour. 
Dry fuel is properly insisted on, nlao regu'ar scienti- 
fic stoking ; reasons are given and these paras should 
be translated in the vernacular, for posting up in a 
conspicuous part of the factory, for owing to careless- 
ness in stoking and wet fuel, irreparable injury ia an- 
nually douo to enormous quantities of tea. 
Mr. Bamber says, " A low temperiture for this final 
firing has been employed on many estates for some 
time, and it has most invariably been found to produce 
a flavory and valuable tea, so that the analyses merely 
confirm and explain the benefit of such a process." 
A treatise on different maobinea and the regulation 
of draught in those worked with a fan concludes this 
chapter, l)ut not before further caution is given against 
the evili of high tiring. An initial tempc ra'ure of 260 
to 280 degree untill 50 per cent of the moisture is ex- 
pelled ; a seeonl and third firing, at 220 and 180 
degree respectively are recommended, but this, though 
und oubtedly correct and likely to retain the essential 
oil, in the leaf, and thus flavor, would be too prolonged 
a process and beyond the firing resources of most fac- 
tories. Final firing and packing are instructive and it 
will be news to most planters that tea should not be 
packed hot — but the reasons for arriving at that con- 
clusion mast convince the reader of its correctne^B. 
THE INTRODUCER OF THE CINCHONA 
PLANT INTO JAVA. 
Hasskarl. — On January 5th within eight days of 
his British fellow-scientist and worker, Spruce, Dr. 
Justus Karl Hasskarl, the introducer of the cinsljoua- 
plant into Java, died at Cleve, in Germany at the 
age of 82. Hasskarl was born on December 6th 1811, 
at tJa-sel, where his father, who traced bis descent 
to a Swedish family which had fettled in Germany \ 
at the time of Guatavua Adolphus, during the Thirty 
Years' War, held au oifioial position. During Hass- 
karl's childhood his father was transferred to Bono, 
an J there the subject of this note visited the Gym- 
nasium. Botany was his favourite Eubject, and in 
1827, when his aohool-days closed, he obtained a 
small appointment at the Botanical Gardens at 
Poppelsdorf, near Bonn. His drafting into (he 
military service in 18a0 intercepted his botanical 
stu'lies for a couple of years, but as scon as he 
could free himself he returned to the profe-ision to 
which his iucliuatiun dreiV him, and found a place 
as manager of Mr. Weyhe's horticultural gardeiis in 
Duseeldorf. Hasskarl conducted a botanical class iu 
tonneotion with the establishment, but it would seem 
that bij employer refused to allow him to teach any 
bui tho m St elementary priucip'es of the science and 
that, as a rosuU of ditferenoes on this point, Hass- 
karl was dif-mi-is, d in 1831. In tho meantime a paper 
of his ou ( Kiiiiiiigliantia lintnsis had attracted some 
BttBDliOD in Hcieutitio circle:), and means were found 
to eoablu the young mau to return to Bonn and tinii<h 
his training at the University, wbrre, in addition to 
botaiiv, be studied medicine. During the time he 
contributed eeveral paprrs to the Regemburaer Flora, 
and received the bigl, distinction of being appointed a 
member to the Begenshurg Botanical SocW lu 
the f'llowiDg ye.r Hasskarl was thrown into 
contact with Proteesor Goldfuss, the geologist who 
made mm bis temporery as-^istant at the Natural 
H,.story Museum. A wealthy Rotterdam ship- 
o«ner who v,st(d the museun-, and appears to 
have bad a certan ambitiou of figuring aB a M.-eoenas 
in a cheap way, cfliered to provide Hasskarl, who 
longing for a chanco of bot-nlcai-work in the 
v,"^"'";,.,^'^^." rassage to Java in one of hi-i 
ships Ihe offer was eagerly scc-rpted, and in 183(5 
Hasskarl sniled (via Baltimore) for Java. The journey 
tcok 210 dajs and the young man arrived at his des- 
tination practically pennilesf. Fcrtnuately he attrac- 
ted the attention of a compatriot, Dr. Fritze, chief of 
the Dutch-I„dian Medical Service, who found him 
a berth at tbc Buiteuzong Uotauioal Gardens, not 
so famous thtn as (hey have since become. For 
nine years Hasskarl held that appoint.uent. In 184G 
he threw it up in anger owing to a misuudersstanding 
with Teyamann director, about a certain improvement 
in position which H,ask.rl claimed to have had 
promised to bim, and returned to Europe, leaving 
the introduction of a systematic arrangement 
of he colleotiona at Buitenzorg and the firs- 
catalogue ot too gardens as mea.entoes of his 
work. H sskarl. now a married man, established 
himself m Du.seldorf, earning his living by 
casual journalistic work, translation of ecientifij 
books into German, land, original work-among the 
latter a book : •' P a .tae Javauicao rarinres, adjeotix 
nonnuUia exotiois in Javae hortis cuUia deacriptae " 
which appeared in 1818. About that time theDu(ch 
Government decided to send an espidition to Sou"i 
Amerna lor ilv- purposa of collecting oiucaona-6ee. s 
and plants. The comm.and was offered to Dr 
Jui.ghuhn, also a German botanist, who had dot o' 
esee!'e:.t work in the Ditch Indies, where he appears 
to have maie Hasakar.'s acquaiulance. Juoghuhr, 
after long ojnsideration, declined the post, and re- 
cornm-mkd Ha-fkarl, wha accepled immeJiately, and 
left Holland in 1852. 
Hasskarl was instructed by if. Pahud, the Dutch 
Minister of the Colonies, not to confiae himself to 
the collection of Cahsaya {then looked upon as the 
most valuable 8pecied), but to gathtr planfa and seecs 
of as many varieties as possible. E irly iu 1853 tha 
doctor Bet foot m Peru, and immediately proceeded, 
via Linaa, to the Andes, which he crossed in May, 
by the larma road. Unfortunately he happened upon 
a track where the richer varieties of the cinchona wero 
absoi t, and the only kinds he discovered were - one ro 
which be gave the name of C.ovata, but which has since 
been re-named C.P«/i C. pubescens&ni 0. amnqda- 
/o^w, of which hecollected the seeds, and CUa»c<;oi!a2« of 
which he secured plants. Hasskarl continued hiy 
journey to Uuzco, aud thence to Saudia in the Pro- 
vince of Caravaya, on the Bolivian frontier, the home 
of the best Caltsnya trce°. Arrived too late in tho 
season to gather any seel, he was forced to returu 
without tbis prized variety to Lima, whence he 
for warded the collected seeds by post tt Holland The 
plants were sent on via Panama in Wardian oasrB- 
but through some misunderstanding they were returned' 
to Lima a few months later, and hid all died when tbev 
arrived there. In the spring of 1851 Hasskarl ag^iii 
set out for Bolivia. War bad broken out meanwhile 
betweeu that country and Peru, and tbe Bolivinn 
frontier was closi>d to all persons from the siati r- 
repiiblic. Hasskarl, under the assumed name o( J. se 
Carlos A! uUer. therefore established his hoadquuri. r» 
at Saudia, as neir the Bolivian frontier as he coul.l 
get, acd thence sentont expeditions to collect Valisai/a 
plants. In this be was fa'rly euoeessful, oud in Jn e. 
18j4, he returned to the coast with 400 Calu-iuia 
plants (.seeds he could not obtain), only to find, whin 
Arequ pa was reached, tl at the Dutch iii;i'i.of- war 
which was to carry the cjllection to Jav i ti«d loft • 
fewdny.-i provi, nsly. He caught up the ship at Callio 
and reached Batavia on December IJ, 1851. 
