Aug. i, 1894. j 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
87 
analyses must be regarded as representative of 
the best qualities of lump plumbago in both 
cases. I reproduce here the table of analyses: — 
8 
o m 
O rH 
— < 00 1-1 
g cb 
CO DO o 
•o c o 
" ~H C5 
-5 
"■Si 
c2 
o 
►J 
OS C3 ^ ^ O 
1^ IC CD ^ 
CO CO CO o 
01 oi oi 91 01 01 
6l 61 Ol CM 01 Ol 
cS 
3d 
cti : cu 
■T3 > 
g 08 a H OJ <U ."S 
f c'ITc g .2 - ^ § S 
u -r t> <^ G -3 B 5 .3 
ct CP ci q> cj cpCy <U B 
ce 
Sic 
cS 
So 
CD 
ci t>- 
B 
o 
o u o o o o o 
I reproduce from the same source an interest" 
ing analysis of the uses to which the miner/a' 
plumbago is ]>ut. 
Proportionate amounts of Graphite used for 
different purposes. 
Purpose for which used. Source of Supply, percent. 
Crucibles and rclrac 
tory articles as stop- 
pers and nozzles .., 
Stove polish... 
Lubricating graphite 
Foundry facings &c. ... 
Graphite greases 
Pencil leads .., 
Graphite packing 
Polishing shot and 
powder 
Paint 
Electrotyping 
Miscellaneous : — piano 
action, photograph 
cis, gilders' and hat- 
ters use, electrical 
supplies ... 
Ceylon, American 
Ceylon, American, 
German 
American, Ceylon 
Ceylon, American, 
German 
American 
American a n d 
German 
Ceylon, American 
Ceylon, American 
American 
American, Ceylon 
35- 
32- 
la- 
s' 
6- 
3 : 
3- 
IGO'OO 
COFFEE IN GUATEMALA. 
It is reported from Guatemala that President 
Barrios bin Bent M. La'ugier as special emigration 
agent to Yokohama with instructions to contract 
for 10,000 Juptinete labourers for six years to work 
on the CiuatumaU ooffou jduntalious. — L and V. 
THE CARE AND M A N A G EM IS N T OF FARM- 
MANURE IN SOUTH INDIA. 
The manure obtained from his cattle is almost 
everywhere the chief stand-by of the farmer for 
manuring bis land. 
It is only by manuring his land well and tilling 
it properly that the farmer can hope to secure good 
cr jps from it ; and how greatly his success in this 
respect depends upon manure is a matter of 
common experience. With sufficient manure and 
abundance of water, there is scarcely any limit to 
the productiveness of the land in India. Manure 
and water are in this respect interdependent ; the 
supply of water being that obtained in the falling 
rain or from irrigation works or wells. The matter 
at present to be considered is, however, the manure 
supply. 
Unfortunately the amount of manure which the 
ryot finds at bis disposal is usually but small. It is 
often also of but poor quality. Owing to want of 
proper care of the supplies available and to bad 
management, the stores of manure are generally 
small. Similar reasons explain the low quality of 
the manure. 
In some places where wood fuel is scarce and 
near large towns, a very large proportion of the 
cattle dung is made into cakes and used for fuel ; 
only a little ;>6hes remaining for use as manure and 
even these, in cases where the cakes are sold into 
towns, being lost to the ryot. When his cattle dung 
is burnt by the ryot himself, the ashes are generally 
thrown into a he>p in the open, where they become 
leached of much of their valuable matters. That 
the practice of burning cattle dung is a cause of 
great loss is known to every one. By using the 
dung of his catt'e for furl, the ryot makes only a 
very petty saving in expenditure, whilst he cou d 
.b growing fences round his fields, us is done in 
jparts of Coimbatore ad Salem, or by setting apart 
a small portion of his fields on which to grow trees 
for fuel, easily provide himself with fuel sufficient 
lor his wants. By such means the very wasteful 
piucti e of burning cattle dung may be avoided. A'eav 
large towns, the price of fuel is so high as to render 
the growth of fuel trees generally a profitable 
undertaking. 
The more general practice of the ryot is, however, 
to accumulate the dung of his catte in a loose heap 
in the open air. The dung there dries into hard 
lumps, and is thoroughly washed by any rain that 
falls. It suffers loss in every possible way, and the 
ultimate result is a small heap of very poor, almost 
valueless, stuff left to be carted to the fields. With 
the dung is to be seen a certain amount of straw 
and leaves. Each rcaterial is left to itself, the dung 
to lose its value, the stalks to become hard and 
de-iccated. Because in India no litter is supplied 
to the cattle, not once in a thousand times is any 
attempt made to save the urine of the cattle wheu 
they are kept in the houses or sheds of their owners. 
[Wasteful this process is, because the solid manure 
is exposed as described. Still more wasteful and 
injurious is it, because the liquid manure is not oidy 
not preserved, but is allowed to sink into the 
ground, and especially into the hollows made by the 
fe«t of th'i cattle. The soil on which the cattle 
stand is saturated below by the urine, and the air 
of the house or shed becomes foul and contaminated. 
Every one has noticed the strong and peculiar 
odour found in these sheds in the morning. This 
is due mainly to the evaporation of valuable matters 
contained in the urine which drops on the floor 
and is lost. 
The value of the urine of his cattle as manure 
is not, it is to be feared, appreciated fully by tbc 
ryot, even if the value thereof is not totally unknown. 
The urine, as a matter of fact, is richer in fertilising 
matters than the solid excreta of cattle, and the loss 
involved in letting the urine go to waste is very large. 
This loss may be avoided by the use of litter to 
absorb the urine, or even by sprinkling the floors 
of the cattlc-shetls with dry earth, if litter be 
unprocurable. By the latter process, much of the, 
