Supplement to the '-Tropical Agriculturist." [Aug. 1, 1894. 
This explains certain peculiarities which have 
bften been noticed. For example, in such places 
as the neighbourhood of houses bordering on or 
inclosed in the forest, the small areas of coppice 
which have to b°ar the exercise of rights apper- 
taining to proximity, such as the passing to 
and fro of the inhabitants and their cattle and 
carts, invasions of poultry, Sec, the same 
symptoms of languishing vegetation are observ- 
able. In every case it is less vigorous than 
in the adjoining forest, the stems are smaller, 
covered with lichens and with a feeble crown. 
We have the same phenomena in those parts 
of the forest which are nearest to villages 
where grazing is heaviest, and this notwithstand- 
ing the fact that here, as in other parts of the 
forest, grazing is prohibited, the coppice is 10 
or 12 years old, and that the dead leaves are 
not removed. It is simply that the surface 
covering of the soil is constantly being disturbed, 
kicked up and scattered about by the passing 
and repassing of men and cattle, and moving 
about is easy in these crops where the under- 
growth is scarce. The result is no rotting or 
production of moulds, and at the same time 
little nitrogen and little vigour. 
FEEDING STUFFS— THEIR COMPOSITION 
AND CHARACTERISTICS. 
These are concentrated forms of fodder, whose 
value depends upon their albuminoid matter, 
oil, and carbo-hydrates (such as starch and sugar). 
Linseed (seed of Linum usitatissimum, com- 
mon Flax). — Bombay seed large and pale ; Baltic 
seed smaller and dark brown, more liable to 
impurities than Bombay seed ; should be crushed 
and plotted before feeding. Useful in calf fodders, 
also for milk-giviug, and in the last stage of 
masting. Quantity, 1 to 3 lb. per 1000 lb. L. W.* 
Linseed cake. — Much approved feeding cake; 
merits well known. Home-made cake usually 
softer and more oily than foreign. Very hard- 
pressed cake is low in oil, and not so easily eaten 
and digested. Linseed cakes usually impure. 
Chief impurities: locust beans added to give 
flavour and relish, rape seed, less frequently chaff, 
and weed-seeds from badly-screened seed. Should 
be broken to small pieces before feeding. Quan- 
tity, 2 to 6 lb. per 1000 lb. L. W. 
Rape-cake (seed of Brassica napus and B. cam- 
pestris). — It has a greenish-mottled appearance 
and a bitter taste, which renders it distasteful to 
cattle at first. Should be given in small quantity 
to begin with. Not suited for calves. When 
given to milch cows, the quantity should not 
exceed 2 or 3 lb. per head per day, or it will 
give a disagreeable taste to milk and butter. 
Sometimes very impure. A dangerous impurity 
is mustard seed. May be detected by steeping 
in cold water for some hours, and noting smell 
of mustard. Danger may be avoided by steeping 
the ground cake in boiling water. 
Poppy cake (seed of Papaver Somniferutn). — 
Contains a savoury and easily-digestible oil. 
May be fed to cattle in considerable quantity— 
5 to 8 lb. per bead per day. More than 5 lb. 
* L. W.— live- weight. 
per head per day to milch cows detract* from 
flavour of butter. 
Hemp cake (seed of Cannabis nativa). — Not 
much used for feeding. Not so digestible as the 
above, owing to ubundauce of wood)' fibre (25 
per cent). Fed chiefly to horses and sheep. To 
milch cows not more than 1 lb. per head per 
day. Apt to grow mouldy in summer. 
Sunflower cake (seed of Hdianthut annuu*). 
— Relished by stock, and well-digested. 
Cotton cake (seed of Gonypium hirtutum, &c). 
Undecortic.ted. — Best quality from Egyptian and 
Sea Island seed. Inferior qualities are woolly, 
and to be avoided. Husk has a»tringent pro- 
perties, and is a good cure for scour. Should 
be ground to the size of linseed. Not very 
digestible, owing to abundance of woody fibre 
(28 per cent). Should be used freshly made, 
because liable to mould on keeping. Decorticated 
— viz., cotton cuke deprived of the busk. A very 
concentrated and powerful bye-fodder. Should 
be given with caution, crushed flue, and mixed 
with Indian corn, oats, or other farinaceous food. 
Large quantity is injurious, and may even be 
fatal, very variable in composition. Frequently 
very hard pressed, and therefore indigestible. 
When freshly-made, softly pressed, and of good 
quality, it is a valuable bye-fodder. Oil very 
! bland and digestible; used to adulterate olive oil. 
Gingelly or Sesame cake (seed of Seiamum 
orientate).— Seed imported from India. Excellent 
bye-fodder, easily digested, much relished by all 
kinds of stock. Favourable for milk giving, and 
also for masting. Oil bland and digestible, and 
much in favour for making margarine. 
Bice meal (seed of Oryza tatioa). — The meal is a 
bye-product obtained in preparing rice for the 
market. A very good, safe, and acceptable fodder, 
but less concentrated than ordinary oil cakes- 
Varies very much in quality, and frequently 
adulterated with meal derived from rice husks. 
Much relished by stock, and useful for milch 
cows as well as for fattening animals. 
Bye meal. — Is the bran of rye, and rather more 
concentrated than wheat brau. It is very good 
fodder for cattle and sheep, but not for horses. 
Palm kernel or Coconut cake. — An excellent, pala- 
table, and easily-digested bye-fodder. Especially 
good for milch cows. Increases the proportion 
of fat in milk. Puts a finish upon flatteuing 
stock. When ground to powder and most of the 
oil extracted, it is sold as palm kernel meal, a 
much-relished and digestible bye-fodder. A 
useful addition to calf-meals. 
Earth-nut or Ground-nut cake. — The pressed seed 
of a leguminous plant (Arachis hppogeoa). The 
most concentrated of all cakes, containing from 
45 to 50 per cent albumen and 6 to 9 per cent 
of oil. It is very palatable and digestible. 
A nutritious fodder when given in moderation. 
Apt to be contaminated with hair, and liable to 
rot on keeping if badly made. 
: Locust Beans, Carob Bean — A sugary fodder, 
most palatable and acceptable to all kinds of 
, stock. Used to mix with oil cakes and meals, 
i so as to improve their flavour. 
; Dried Grains. — The draff from distilleries and 
i breweries dried so as to contain only about 10 
per cent water. It is a first-class feeding-stuff 
if of good quality, but the qualities differ con- 
siderably. 
