162 
THL TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. f Sept. r, 1S94. 
aotually Uken place. Six million acres would require 
a* most 2,000,000 labourers. As with a few exceptions 
white nendo not remain in the topios alter they have 
attained competency and are specially unlikely to do so 
in Australia, where they have a temp- rate olimate on 
the same continent within easy reach, the cumber of 
them as compared with the labourers will be very small. 
The ptoportion of white to coloured varies greatly in 
different tropioal countries under European Govern- 
ment, being one to 600 in Ceylon aid one to len in 
Barbados. It is abnormally large in the latter case 
because of the survival in a degraded condition of 
many iteiesndaLts of the white slaves imported thi h. r 
two centuries ago. Apart from Australia (where the 
mines have attracted a large and continually shifting 
copulation of whites, while the great extent of pasture 
supports a considerable number of whie shepherds) no 
otnercoKny in the tropic* b»s a propor ion nearly to 
large as Barbados. In order, however, to be sgainon 
the safe trie, lei us euppose th.it the white population 
connected with agriculture ahotil I be double that high 
r tio or 20 per cent which for the above nuniLer of 
labourers would be 400,000, or less than cne-righth 
of the present wh.te inhabitant of Tempcra'o Austra- 
lia Cjusiderin^ that the mining and pastoral popu- 
lation, whatever it may be, it much mere lik. ly to be 
iu bs mi a' hy with the democracy of the bouth than 
with the aristocracy of the North, I regard the 
nrobability of the lormer b.ing appreciably affeoted, 
Tot to speak of • profnndly modified,' by the latter as 
scarce'v greater than that of the Uoited States being 
affeeved by the future development of Labrador or 
° i 8 have men' ioned that there are still other ecoDomi- 
nal difficnlties tbaa those already indicated in the way 
of the supposed development. In o.der to apprecia e 
tnebe.it wi.l be useful to take a separate glance at the 
lae of each of the leading tropical products, be«iL- 
niugwith au article which is at lea it as important as 
auv other. 
Oottor, though largely produced iu the tropics, 
comes in far la. ger quantity from temp rate cl.make. 
in 1891 the United Stat s exported in quanu y 
1 907,359,000 lb., valued at 8290,713,000 cr nearly 
fioOOOOok and Egypt exported a quantity of the 
bO,OUU,wu , o wbi | e the export ot Tropical 
l*T auant ty only 536,390,512 lb. valued at 
S 748 ffi&KSS&li- ot the rest of the world 
hint comparatively insignificant. During the c.vil 
g W.«th Armrica *hioh caused a pama failure 
o?Vhe Af™ fton supply, many attempts were 
. Pllwhete to fill the v.id thus created in the 
™ ;J Ind several tropical countries (wi-hin my own 
market, and severM P ^ |b cou)d 
experience F,]i ana u 8e4 . iBl: , nd 0 f Carolina. 
CV'ionw thenar was over the Unitel States 
nniAIi regained iis former supremacy m product oo, 
q "iu ,k» result above indicated. As the available lands 
Ti heS uthernStates a,e sclllargely uncultivated...* 
ihl negro population which supplies the necessary 
he negro V * increft8 i Dgl the advantage thin 
U ■ S'i.l.ke'y to be maintained w.th the result tbat a 
? a '^ nortion of any inc ease ei the worlu's coosump- 
large portion oi y , ^ F>i illJ? tbe United 
tion will be thence u, P uncultivated in 
in any 
India, wnei« i mmeasurably larger 
of the world , and thure, ^ ^ Malay 
area of gn c ^ t Borneo and the other 
Peninsula, bia m Suma^a. «orn~ 
^rierlSianlaS i3 either fl.w naturally or 
courtries inoiau m ^ consldeiab | y 
te caraei under tne co . o{ ^ 
less cost ban to » J^™ y totave the advantage of 
moreover, 0 be denied to Australia 
Chinese labour he cetorwara uncu itivated all 
Going farther afi U, there are etm gouth ^ 
S^bVgg^ ^ & the West Indies 
'T^iWVv-est Indies, which supply so large a pcrop- 
a- „f the world's tropical produce, though in y occupy 
twD ot the worm v t fae 8 „ d t0 be 
Fiji and the Pacific- Islands, whiob, though they are 
more distant than Australia from tbe Eastern labour 
markets, have all to a grea'er or less extent tbe more 
than compensating advantage of local labour. Io it- 
spect of every one of these countries we have heard at 
ore time or another, probaMy with truth, of its great 
fertility and its capability of growing successfully all 
kinds of tropical produce ; aud it would thus seem 
that all things oensidered, tbey b< tween them leave 
but little opening tor ootton cultivation to Tropical 
Australia. 
Sugar, which is of importance next to or equal with 
cotton, come* also largely from teinperats climites. 
For of the 5,532,545 tons (beet as wtll » c caot-8u fe 'ar) 
which appear in the retort air 1467 as ihe total of tie 
world's aujiply, less than I alt caue lYiiu 'he tropica, 
llowevi r, in th- small agricnltural development wLich 
1ms bitberto takeu plaoe io N.tbern Australia, tbe 
cultivation of the erne icmpits, as we have aeen, a 
large pkce. Tnia in>!uttry has b tb rto had not only 
the advantage of the low-waged Polynesian labour, 
whicb, for reasons give n above, will i o* continue 1 njf, 
but also another which is likely to be equally 
ephemeral, v z tl at oi a prot'Ottd market for a lar^e 
portion cf its produce. Uf thn U...' - tons of sugar 
produced in lb92 only 36,914 ions were exported, eo 
tbat applet tly 24,454 tout were ocn^umtd on the 
8|ot, this cousDmpl.on of the home prodnct being 
encouraged hv • duty on impcrted sugar ol 5s a ton for 
' 'aw,' and 6* 81 a ton for rtfined. It is evident, 
however, tbat this advantage wi.l be rapidly lost as 
increaie of production outsliipa increase of coi sarop- 
tion, and would dwindle almoit to v.misi.ing point 
w; tn the production become really laig« or say, equal 
to tbat of tbe comparatively snail island ol Cuba 
(646,588 tons'. Hanoatbfl progress wliioL hat hitherto 
been w ck- in sugar cultivation would be altogether 
roisbading if it wire regarded as a measure of tbe 
further detelopmeot of the fatuie : though this 
proruce is always likely to retain its present relative ly 
prominent portion, not only (or reasons prev ou>ly 
indicit d. but also b caus-, owing to the great outlay 
require t for worse and machinery, tbe coet of wages 
bearsa les; than ordinary proportion to ti e to'al cost. 
Of ether ar.i.lej of tropical proJuce th.-re are a 
consicierable number uunecejsr.ry to be specified in 
detail, wt,ich as fp'-c'ally requiring cheap labour, are 
rarely, if ever grown fir export elsewheie tban io the 
cheap labour ooantrii s of tbe East. If their cultivation 
should ever spread beyond such csuntries, the eatses 
indicated in connection with cotton would prcbibly 
carry it into places presenting much mere favourable 
conditions than Australia. In this category tbe im- 
p rtant articles rice, tea and quiaire nay almost be 
include i. For though tbe rice grown in the United 
States is protected both by duty ai d by comparative 
proximity to marke', while it is of a qunlitj wbich 
gives it a ep°c : a!l high intrinsic value, yet I observe 
Irom nn article by Mr. Ch^utcey Depew in this Re- 
view ot February last that the American planters are 
crying out (f more prot ctirn ag-inst the rioe of the 
Bast. Ai.d in fur her proof of the strength of the 
Eastern position as regards tbe produotion of this 
article is the fact that British Guiana and Trinidad 
wbicb have thown themselves able to grow rioe equal 
to the finest of Carolin-, and require very large 
quantities for tbe food of some 200,000 coolie immi- 
grants, yet find it cheaper to import from the East 
only to a v ,ry small extent and thua afford an illuc 
tration of tbe narrowness of the area required for 
tropioal cultivation. For instance, tbe inland of 
Ti i idad exported in 1890 51,000 tons of cane-sugar or 
more than one-fiftieth of the world's supp y produced 
in tbe tropics, and 21.552,503 pounds of cacao which I 
know to be a much larger part of tbe general total, 
and yot of its area of 1,754 square miles under 200 
square miles are cultivated. Except two or three of 
the smallest islands, Euch as Barbados and Antigua, all 
the rest are equally or more uncultivated. Cuba, the 
largest, besides tobacco aud other articles exported in 
1887 646.588 tons of cane-sugar, or more than one» 
fourth of tbe world's tropical supp'y. 
