Oct. i, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
22? 
administered free by the missionaries. It is 
anhydrous containing no water except moisture 
taken up from the atmosphere. Its average com- 
position is about 75 per cent anhydrous quinine 
sulphate, with about 25 per cent sulphates of 
other cinchona alkaloids, moisture, and a little 
coloring matter. When Ledgcriana bark is 
operated on, this crude sulphate contains about 
95 per cent anhydrous quinine sulphate. 
Well ivate rs. — The town well waters have all 
shewn unmistakeable signs of sewage contamina- 
tion, yet so quickly does the process of nitrifica- 
tion, nature's method of rendering nitrogenous 
organic impurities innocuous, go on in Ceylon 
soils, that the well waters analysed have been 
mostly, so far as could be inferred from the 
chemical analysis alone, in a state lit for drinking. 
To cite an extreme case of how nature disposes of 
nitrogenous organic matter by oxidation, before 
it reaches some of the Colombo wells, I analysed 
water from a Colombo well situated inside a large 
enclosure but in a very populous locality. It 
contained no less than 15 grains per gallon of 
nitric acid, and fully 19 of chlorine, shewing that 
the sources of the well could have been little better 
than town sewage. Yet this water did not 
absorb more oxygen than Labngama water, and 
did not contain more albumenoid matter (but in 
this case of animal origin) than I have occasion- 
ally found in Labngama water. The water was of 
course condemned as the sources of the well 
were so manifestly polluted. 
Lemonade. —One sample of lemonade was 
analysed. It was fortunate that the sender of 
it had meiely tasted it, as it was found to 
contain a considerable quantity of arsenic, 
evidently introduced with criminal intention. 
Arrack. — Four samples of commercial arrack 
were examined. All of them, I am glad to report, 
were fully up to the trade strength of 25 per cent 
under proof, both before and after redistillation. 
Mil/:. — It does not require an analytical chemist 
to inform the public of Colombo that the milk 
supply is shamefully adulterated with water, 
"With" mo t other substances, adulteration is the 
exception. In the case of milk, it is not only 
the rule but it is scarcely possible for any one 
to get a regular supply of pure milk from a 
seller of the same. The adulteration of milk 
with water is regarded as such a matter of 
course that each householder takes the law into 
bis own hand and inflicts whatever lines seems 
to him to be meet. Cow's milk and liuffalo 
milk are also mixed and sold as cow's milk, the 
mixture being of course watered as well. Co- 
conut is also mixed with milk to the peril of 
infant life. Some check upon these fraudulent 
practices seems called for, both in the interest 
of the public who buy, and also in the interest 
of those among the milkmen who might prefer 
to be honest. In the present demoralised con- 
dition of the milk trade, when milk of a kind 
can be purchased for less than the genuine 
article can be produced at a profit, it must be 
a difficult matter for a milkman to be honest. 
If the milk supplied by vendors were systemati- 
cally tested, and the results registered in such 
a way thai the householder could at any time 
ask the milk vendor to produce his record, it 
would, by ami by, be as much against the 
interest of the seller to water his milk as it is 
against the interest of, an appu to be found 
picking bis master's pocket. To make an im- 
pression on the evil, however, the testings w ould 
have to be done free or at quite a nominal fee 
so far as householders arc concerned. 
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