654 
rivulet Chicama forming the northern boundary. The 
whole estate is very flat, and although apparently 
covered with whitish sand, the soil, upon examination 
turns out to be a deep, dark, rich loam, admirably 
adapted for the cultivation of sugar-cane, Alfalfa, 
Guinea grass, and almost any other tropical pro- 
duct. 
The extent under [cultivation is divided as fol- 
lows : — 
2,352 acres in Sugar-cane. 
176 „ in Alfalfa (l/urcntc). 
480 ,, in Guinea Grass {I'anicum Maximum). 
The balance is fallow, or is being tinned over by the 
steam plough, which is now at work, making ready for 
further extensions. From the time of planting till 
maturity, the cane takes 20 months, and according to 
the rotations adopted, 120 acres of cane are cut every 
month. This yields about 7,500 ev.t. of finest grainy 
sugar, costing say 7s (id per cwt. f.o.b. There is also a 
monthly yield of about (> 000 galls, alcohol. 
Nowhere in rainy regions can cane be grown to such 
perfection as here. Water being supplied whenever 
it is required, and withdrawn the moment it would 
prove injurious, the amount of saccharine matter is such 
as we never find in the Indies. Moreover, the matur- 
ing of the cane, and regulating the rotation, can 
be much more effectually carried out under systematic 
irrigation. 
The Alfalfa (Mediqngo iiaHvti) is an excellent fodder 
for cattle, exactly suited for such a locality, and having 
the power of sending its roots twenty feet deep in aearc li 
of moisture. Irrigation is less needed here, where 
water can generally be struck at 12 feet. Fabulous crops 
of this nutritious legume are raised year after year 
from the same ground. Alfalfa enriches the soil, and 
produces here five crops annually. Guinea grass is also 
grown very successfully, but, as a nourishing food for 
cattle, cannot be compared with the Alfalfa. Water 
for irrigation is supplied from the Chicama rivuleta by 
canal 12 miles in length. During the wet season on the 
Cordilleras, the supply of water is abundant, but for 
the other six months certain prescribed regulations 
have to be submitted to, the rights pertaining to this 
estate being a flush every alternate week. The fact, 
however, that these lands lie low, and the sub-soil is 
always damp, is of considerable importance and ad- 
vantage. The live stock belonging to the estate con- 
sists of : — 
869 Cattle. 
211 Horses. 
157 Donkeys and Mules. 
1,150 Sheep. 
Albeit, every country lias its drawbacks, and upon 
the whole, I daresay it will be found that these dis- 
comforts are pretty equally divided. In Ceylon, for 
instance, we have the rains and leeches, outside, the 
moist, mouldy rottenness within, but we are some- 
what compensated by having the purest of water, the 
glossy green leaves, and no dust. Here, in this other- 
wise perfect climate, we live in a perpetual halo 
of dust. 
But the greatest difficulty to be faced here, as else- 
where in Peru, is in the supply of suitable labour. 
The Cholo has been tried and found wanting — want- 
ing in numbers and in adaptability. The hardy moun- 
taineer does not caro to settle permanently on the 
flat, monotonous lowlands. And who can blame him ? 
The backbone of the industry has hitherto been the 
Chinese, but their treatment has been so villain- 
ously bad that their own Government had, some 
years ago, to put a stop to further emigration to 
Peru, and as the men are now chiefly past middle age, 
there is a danger of the labour supply soon falling 
lamentably short of requirements. 
There are not in the wide world more capable, 
plodding, patient, and faithful workers than the 
Chinamen. Yet, here, as in Australia, they have to 
cope with unreasoning prejudice and implacable hatred 
— a hatred not, however, shared by the employers 
nor, I may add, by the women of their country, for 
John makes a very excellent husband, and jealousy 
has really move to do with the apparently unaccount- 
able dislike of him than most men care to confess. 
If, as Mrs. Fyvie Mayo says, " the man who pro- 
duces moat and consumes least is the true aristocrat," 
the Chinese are surely tiie coming aristocracy of both 
Peru and Australia. 
Many and varied as have been our extracts, it 
must not be suppose;! that we have given uracil 
more than a series «,f samples of the interesting 
information -Mr. Sinclair has to convey, while 
upon his more racy experiences and series 
we have scarcely touched. For these we must 
refer to the volume itself. The cliapter on 
Peru, covering nearly Kjo pages in all, it fol- 
lowed by a list of stations \ i„ited with altitude, 
miles from Lima, mean temperature and re- 
marks. Then comes a very instructive li,t of 
the "Flora of Peru'' covering Mine M pages 
noticing nearly every product familiar t.» us in 
Ceylon and a great many more with the botanical 
names and appropriate useful remarks. Let us 
quote a lew : — 
Arai < aria.-Ouc of the few conifers to he found ou the 
Coroulorat). 
Aui.r v. -On the .Montana sometimes seen, but not so com- 
mon as in Ceylon. 
Apples of excellent quality. Aprirot*, and most othrr 
European fruits abound all the year round, thank- to the 
diversity of climate. liven the blaeberry find* a con- 
genial home on the Andes (near Junin). 
ALFALFA.— The Peruvian name of a tiist rate fodder for 
cattle, on Inferior variety of which is known iu Hiiroi* *■> 
Lucerne (iliditatfo katica.) *^ 
Br.XA.— The Aruatto, used for colouring cheese, Ac Very 
exl"ts°" * luxulia " t ali ov «r Peru where any vegetation 
BoMliAX.-Silk cotton, like Kapok. Several varieties of 
tins giant tree found on the Perene river. 
Bouoainvillea — A gorgeously beautiful plant found wild 
in the warm mountain valleys, or with its beautiiul rose- 
coloured bracts covering and hiding many a deformity in 
Lima. Common in Colombo no*. 
Cacao.— The native home of the Cacao tree-pronounced 
Kakow by the natives- from which we derive our cocoa 
„ c J lol;oliite . of commerce : found growing wild from 
1,000 to 2,500 feet above sea level. 
Cactus.— I'eru seems also the chief home of the Cacti 
family, tens of thousands of acres on the drv ureWpitou* 
mountains are covered with little else, the grotesque forms 
and brilliant flowers being alike remarkable. 
.u (jA ; v > ELLA A sort of wUd cinnamon ; growing freely in 
the Pampas. 
Carica.— The Papaw ; a most valuable tree, from which 
is obtained the papaine ; finest near Lima and Pampa 
Hermosa ; edible fruit. 
Caryota. A noble palm ; found on the Perene. Borrida. 
the '• hatw liitvl " of Ceylon. 
Castor Oil Tree (Bieirnu). May be seen growing wild 
anywhere below 12,000 feet. 
C.esalpina.— Leguminous ; pods used in Lima for making 
ink : a variety of our Sappan wood of Cevlon (Dwi Dili). 
Cherries.— Abundant and good. 
Coffee.— (Coffea Arabica.) Though not indigenous, grows 
and bears as it was never known to bear in the old 
world. On the eastern side of the Andes it succeeds ad- 
mirably from 7,000 feet down to 1,000 feet above sea level, 
and even at Lima, a few feet above the sea, it bears 
enormously with judicious culture : the quality is superior 
The Pampa Henrrosa specially adapted for its culture. 
BROTRRINA^-Maguificent legumes; tlie most conspicuous 
and brilliant Homers on the Perene, growing to a gigantic 
height. 
Elcrosia. — A beautiful Amaryllis ; native of the Peru- 
vian Andes, near Lima. 
Eucalyptus.— Though a native of Australasia, grows 
freely on the mountain plateau, particularly at Tarma ; a 
decided acquisition ; several varieties. 
Erythroxylon Coca.— One of the most precious plants 
of Peru. A bush about 3 feet high, the leaves of which 
seem to sustain the natives for days without any other 
food, enabling them to undergo fatigue. The leaves are 
simply chewed with lime or may be drawn like tea. 
30,000,000 lb. are exported from Peru, yielding the world's 
supply of Cocaine. I found this shrub growing in the 
Pampa Hermosa, 08 miles from Tarma, Indigenous 
Ebe.nace.e. - Well represented by a kind of satin wood; 
abundant near Rio Perene. 
Ficus.— Numerous varieties, but none so gigantic as in 
India. F Carica (common tig) d oes we u wnel j irrigated on 
the coast. I saw large trees near Chimbote. 
_ Eraoahia.— The strawberry : abundant all the year roun 
in Lima ; though neither iu size nor flavour equal to tkoee 
supplied during the short season in Aberdeen. Indigenoiu 
