Dec,  x,  1892.] 
THE  TROPICAL  AGRICULTURIST. 
,43 1 
pounds  sterling  properly  expended  would,  we  un- 
derstand, be  sufficient  to  erect,  equip  and  main- 
tain for  one  year  a factory  of  twice  tbe  extent  of 
the  one  at  Nadnvatuin— this,  of  course,  would  not  in- 
clude the  cost  of  the  purchase  of  bark.  Such  a fac- 
tory would  be  able  to  grin  t up  one  ton  of  bark 
per  diem , or  says,  301)  tons  per  annum.  Naturally 
tho  nmount  of  quinine  and  febrifuge  manufactured 
would  depend  upm  the  quality  of  the  bark  ; it  would 
not  pay  to  treat  the  Red  bark,  but  the  Crown  and 
Ledger  barks  would  pay  handsomely.  Should  a factory 
be  started,  there  should  be  do  lack  of  bark  to  work 
upon.  The  Wynaad,  North  Tranv-noore  andtlieNil- 
giris  still  have  several  thousand  acres  under  cinchona 
cultivation,  and  within  five  years  or  so  the  output  could 
be  doubled,  if  necessary.  What  the  Government  ol 
Madras  has  done,  can  be  done  by  private  individuals, 
and  with  this  extra  advantage,  that  whereas  Mr. 
LawBcn’s  hands  are  tied  when  he  wishes  to  dispose  of 
his  sulphate  of  quinine,  the  private  quinine  maker  will 
be  able  to  place  it  in  whatever  market  lie  likee.  A 
very  good  demand  for  sulphate  and  febrifuge  ought 
to  spring  up  almost  at  the  very  doors  of  the  factory, 
and  a privato  Company  in  a short  while  Bhonld  have 
in  its  hands  the  supply  of  the  entire  consumption  of 
this  drug  in  India,  Burma  and  the  East.  During 
the  last  official  year  144,500  lb.  4 oz.  of  bark 
gave  an  ontnirn  of  4,425  lb.  4 oz.  of  quiuine  and 
3,174  lb.  at  the  Naduvatum  Factory  so  that,  pre- 
suming the  bark  to  be  of  the  same  average  quality, 
300  tons  should  give  an  outturn  of  over  20,000  lb.  of 
quinine,  and  some  15,000  lb.  of  febrifuge  in  the  course 
of  the  year.  We  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  tho 
annual  consumption  of  qumine  in  this  country,  but 
Messrs.  W.  E.  Smith  & Co.,  of  Madras,  inform  us 
that  they  dispose  of  as  much  as  Beven  thousand 
ounces  in  tbe  course  of  a year.  Whatever  the  total 
consumption  here  may  be,  there  is  do  doubt  that  it 
is  much  below  what  it  should  be,  and  though  hitheito 
the  attempts  to  popularise  this  medicine  have  not 
mr-t  with  much  success,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they 
will  be  preserved  iD,  and  should  a private  factory  be 
started  the  efforts  of  Government  to  make  this  drug 
more  widely  known  will  be  supplemented  by  private 
enterprise.  It  is  almost  needless  for  us  to  add  that 
although  a factory  can  be  started  for  £5,000  the 
enterprise  must  be  conducted  with  the  strictest  regard 
to  economy  toensure  success.  We  should  be  glad  to  see 
the  matter  tanen  iu  baud  as  we  feel  convinced  that 
not  only  would  it  be  profitable  to  the  investor,  bat 
it  would  give  an  impetus  to  the  e:nchona  industry 
which  is  sorely  needed,  and  would  in  time  probably 
lead  to  the  complete  rehabilitation  of  cinchona 
eultivation  in  Southern  India. — M.  Mail,  Nov.  22. 
-4> 
BOTANICAL  GARDENS  IN  JAVA. 
The  following  account  of  these  Gardens  is  taken 
from  one  by  Dr  Treub,  the  present  Director ; it 
appeared  originally  in  the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,” 
and  later,  as  a translation,  in  the  “Chautauqua!).” 
“ The  number  of  Botanical  Gardens  situated  within 
the  tropical  zone  is  much  greater  than  is  generally 
supposed.  It  is  necessary  to  say,  however,  that  not 
all  are  Botanical  Gardens,  in  the  proper  sense  of 
the  word,  but  rather  limited  agricultural  stations  or 
gardens  of  acclimatization.  Some  among  them  merit 
the  name  of  great  scientific  establishments,  and, 
holding  the  first  rank  in  this  list,  are  the  gardens 
of  Calcutta,  and  those  on  the  Islands  of  Ceylon  and 
Java.  We  propose  briefly  to  trace  the  history  of  the 
last  of  these  three,  and  to  show  by  a study  of  its 
organization,  how  a new  era  is  beginning  for  such 
institutions  and  that  they  are  destined  to  play  a 
steadily  increasing  part  in  the  evolution  of  vege- 
table life. 
On  the  29th  of  October,  1815,  a squadron,  quitting 
the  roadstead  of  Texel,  in  the  north  of  Holland,  set 
sail  for  the  East  Indies.  It  was  taking  to  Java  the 
commissioners-general  to  whom  the  sovereign  of 
Holland  had  confided  the  office  of  taking  back 
from  England  in  his  name  the  Government  of 
the  Netherlandish  Indies.  Guided  by  large  views, 
the  new  King  had  added  to  the  number  of  Com- 
missioners a distinguished  naturalist,  Reinwardt,  a 
professor  of  the  Athenaeum  of  Amsterdam,  in  order 
to  establish  upon  a solid  basis  the  study  of  the  mar- 
vellous nature  which  forms  the  wealth  of  the  Dutch 
possessions  in  southern  Asia. 
The  squadron  did  not  reach  the  Strait  of  Sunda 
until  the  last  of  April  of  the  following  year.  The 
passengers  were  delighted  after  their  long  and  dreary 
voyage,  to  sail  among  the  charming  islands  set  as 
so  many  emeralds  in  the  narrow  silvery  bands  into 
which  they  divided  the  strait ; and  to  breathe  in 
the  sweet  perfumes  wafted  from  the  shores.  They 
might  well  have  desired  to  remain  there  and  to  put 
off  the  task  awaiting  them,  for  the  future  held 
many  vexations. 
Buitenzorg,  situated  about  twenty-six  miles  from 
Batavia,  in  latitude  6°35'  south,  longitude  106°53  east, 
upon  one  of  the  long  northern  slopes  of  Mount 
Salak,  a charming  site  enjoying  a beautiful  and 
healthful  climate,  was  selected  as  the  site  of  a 
Botanical  Garden.  Work  upon  it  was  commenced 
with  50  native  laborers  under  the  direction  of  two 
head  gardeners,  one  of  whom  had  followed  the  same 
calling  in  Holland,  while  the  other  had  been  brought 
up  in  the  Royal  Gardens  of  Kew.  It  would  have 
been  difficult  to  find  in  all  Java  a place  better  adapted 
to  an  undertaking  of  this  kind,  because,  thanks  to 
especial  conditions,  Buitenzorg  added  to  its  other 
advantages  that  of  not  being  visited  by  the  dry 
monsoon. 
It  is  evident  that  a period  of  drought  almost  con- 
tinuous for  four  or  five  months,  as  is  common  in 
the  Island  of  Java  would  be  suitable  for  only  a 
very  small  part  of  plant  life.  Even  the  climate  of 
Batavia,  where  an  absence  of  heavy  rains  for  two 
or  three  months  is  not  of  rare  occurrence,  would  be 
much  less  adapted  to  a botanical  garden  than  that 
of  Buitenzorg,  where  they  complain  of  it  as  an  un- 
favourable year  if  in  the  midst  of  the  dry  season, 
so-called,  there  occur  three  consecutive  weeks  with- 
out rain.  These  frequent  and  heavy  rains  have  a 
double  advantage  for  the  garden : first,  Buitenzorg 
is  indebted  to  them  for  its  luxuriant  vegetation  which 
grows  continuously ; and  in  the  second  place  the 
rains  cause  a lowering  of  the  mean  temperature  which 
renders  possible  the  culture  of  many  plants  of  the 
virgin  forests  of  the  mountains,  although  Buitenzorg 
is  situated  at  an  altitude  of  only  about  nine  hun- 
dred feet.  In  order  to  give  an  idea  of  how  much 
water  falls  yearly  on  on  average  upon  this  Sans  Souei 
of  Java  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say  that  here  the  rain- 
fall measures  about  one  hundred  and  seventy-five 
inches,  while  in  Holland,  one  of  the  most  rainy  countries 
in  Europe,  it  reaches  only  about  twenty-five  inches. 
At  first  no  regular  plan  was  decreed  for  the  man- 
agement of  the  garden.  The  archives  contain  no  in- 
dication of  any  rules  whatever  regarding  it.  It  is 
only  known  that  its  founder,  Reinwardt,  made 
numerous  expeditions  into  the  surrounding  country 
for  plants.  The  first  Catalogue  of  the  “ State  Botani- 
cal Garden.”  the  name  officially  adopted,  published 
some  months  after  the  departure  of  Reinwardt, 
contains  an  enumeration  of  nine  hundred  and 
twelve  species.  Reinwardt  returned  to  Europe  in 
1822,  in  order  to  occupy  a chair  in  the  University 
of  Leyden.  During  the  succeeding  years  there  were 
several  changes  in  the  management  of  the  garden 
and  its  experienced  varying  degrees  of  fortune. 
Finally,  in  1830,  J.  E.  Teysmann  was  named  chief 
gardener.  This  man,  who  had  had  only  the  edu- 
cation of  a Primary  School,  received  a half  century 
later  a testimonial,  as  remarkable  as  it  was  rare 
of  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  by  the  whole 
scientific  world.  Besides  the  Diplomas  of  Honour 
given  him  and  the  felicitations  sent  from  all  parts 
of  the  world,  there  was  presented  to  him  an  Album 
in  which  more  than  one  hundred  iBotanists,  among 
them  Darwin  and  Candolle,  presented  him  their  res- 
pects ; and  this  Album  upon  its  gold  plate  bore  the 
following  inscription  : “ To  the  most  distinguished 
and  indefatigable  J.  E.  Teysmann,  who  has  spent 
half  of  his  life-time  in  the  exploration  of  the  botanics.l 
treasures  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  from  his  admir- 
