66 
Magazine  of  the  School  of  Agriculture. 
of  the  pots  should  he  slightly  below  the  level 
of  the  surrounding  ground,  so  that  they  may 
all  he  easily  and  cheaply  flushed  with  water 
every  two  or  three  days  during  the  hot  season 
from  an  adjacent  well.  Between  the  trenches 
there  should  be  narrow  raised  pathways  by  which 
the  gardeners  may  obtain  access  to  the  trees. 
It  will  be  necessary  as  the  trees  advance  in 
height  to  turn  the  pots  occasionally ; otherwise 
the  roots  are  apt  to  strike  through  the  pots 
and  to  penetrate  the  ground.  It  is  best  to 
prepare  the  trench  of  the  required  length  and 
breadth  in  the  first  place,  next  to  arrange  the 
pots  in  rows  therein,  and  then  to  fill  up  the 
spaces  between  the  rows  with  earth.  Where 
flower-pots  are  as  cheap  as  they  are  in  Mozuffer- 
pore,  viz.,  from  R3  to  R4  per  100,  no  hesitation 
should  be  felt  about  breaking  each  pot  at  the 
time  of  transplanting  a young  tree. 
As  regards  the  distance  apart  at  which  trees 
should  be  planted  ou  roadside  avenues,  much 
depends  on  the  kind  of  tree  and  on  the  locality. 
As  a general  rule,  I would  plant  Pipul,  Bar, 
and  Raintrees  50  feet,  and  all  the  others  in  the 
list  from  30  to  40  feet. 
If  trees  are  not  planted  out  by  the  sides  of 
the  roads  until  they  are  5 to  6 feet  high,  and 
if  they  are  planted  out  at  the  commencement 
of  the  rainy  season,  they  will  not  require,  in 
a climate  like  that  of  North  Beliar,  to  be  watered 
in  the  following  hot  season.  By  that  time  their 
roots  will  have  reached  such  a depth  as  to  be 
able  to  dispense  with  artificial  supplies  of  water, 
and  nothing  beyond  general  supervision  and 
attention  to  the  state  of  the  gabions  will  be 
required.  This  duty  can  easily  be  performed  by 
members  of  Road  Committees,  and  the  officers 
of  the  engineering  departments.  In  drier  parts 
of  the  country,  it  may  be  necessary  to  give 
Water  during  the  succeeding  cold  and  hot  season. 
And  it  may  be  advisable  in  very  dry  localities 
to  adopt  the  plan  of  sinking  a pot  (kulsi)  near 
the  root  of  each  plant,  and  keeping  it  filled 
with  water  at  all  times  of  drought  during  the 
first  year  or  two  after  transplantation. 
The  holes  in  which  the  trees  are  to  be  planted 
by  the  roadside  ought  to  be  carefully  prepared 
Some  months  beforehand,  and  some  old  manure, 
where  available,  should  be  mixed  with  the  earth. 
These  holes  should  be  at  least  2^  feet  wide  and 
2 feet  deep,  but  if  money  be  available  larger 
holes,  say  4 feet  in  diameter  and  3 feet  deep, 
are  preferable.  The  height  of  the  gabion*  is 
of  great  importance.  The  two  evils  to  be  guarded 
against  are  (1)  “ the  poisonous  tooth,”  as  Virgil 
calls  it,  “ of  the  accursed  goat  ” which  is  certainly 
more  injurious  to  the  young  tree  than  winter 
cold  and  summer  heat,  and  (2)  the  mischievous 
habit  which  travellers  have  of  breaking  off  the 
young  shoots  of  the  mango  and  some  other 
hinds  of  trees  and  using  them  as  tooth  brushes. 
In  places  where  whiteants  abound,  it  is  a good 
plan  to  smear  with  tar  the  ends  of  the  posts 
before  fixing  them  in  the  grouud,  and  a daub 
or  two  across  other  parts  of  the  posts  will 
deter  villagers  from  extracting  and  appropriating 
them  for  their  own  use. 
* If  a bamboo  gabion  is  too  expensive  or  incon 
Venient  a mound  of  earth  topped  with  aloe  leaves,  oi 
a ring  of  bricks  placed  alternately  so  as  to  admit  light 
find  air  where  bricks  are  cheap,  may  be  substituted. 
I would  strongly  recommend  that  avenues  be 
planted  with  due  regard  to  symmetry  and  con- 
venience, and  that  large  and  small  fruit-bearing 
and  timber  trees  be  not  planted  indiscriminately 
together.  If  it  is  intended  eventually  to  sell 
the  fruit  of  fruit-bearing  trees  year  by  year,  it 
will  be  most  convenient  to  plant  a few  miles 
of  each  road  with  each  of  the  most  valuable 
kinds  of  fruit  trees,  e.g.,  five  miles  with  mangi- 
ftra  indica,  five  miles  with  artocarpus  integri- 
folia,  five  miles  with  bassia  latifoha,  &c.  This 
is  the  principle  which  I adopted  in  Mozufferpore 
town  where  I planted  about  12  miles  of  avenues 
with  12  different  kinds  of  trees,  fruit-bearing 
and  timber,  allowing  one  mile  or  so  for  each 
kind  of  tree. 
The  trees,  which  should  specially  be  planted 
where  the  soil  is  suitable  for  their  growth,  are 
the  following : — 
Fruit  trees. 
Botanical  name.  Native  name. 
Mangifera  Indica 
Eugenia  Jambolana. 
Aegle  Marmelos. 
Bassia  Latifolia. 
Artocarpus  Integrifolia. 
Timber 
Am. 
Jamun. 
Bel. 
Mohwa. 
Jak  (or  Kantal.) 
trees. 
Botanical  name. 
Swietenia ) Mahogani. 
I Macrophylla. 
Gmelina  Arborea. 
Dalbergia  Sissoo. 
Cedrela  Toona. 
Casuarina  Equisetifolia. 
Pongamia  Glabra. 
Albizzia  Lebbek. 
Pithecolobium  Saman. 
Lagerstroemia  Regina. 
PterospermumAcerifolium 
Religiosa. 
Beugaleusia. 
Ficus 
Native  name. 
Mahogany. 
Large-leaved  mahogany. 
Kumbar  or  Ghambar. 
Sissu. 
Toon. 
Jhao. 
Karanj, 
Sirish. 
Rain-tree. 
Jarul. 
Kunuk  Champa. 
Pipul. 
Bur. 
Note. — Iu  the  case  of  the  two  species  of  Ficus 
in  the  above  list  (Pipul  and  Bur)  it  is  best  not  to 
plant  seedlings,  but  branches  of  adult  trees.  The 
branches  selected  should  be  straight,  from  four  to 
eight  feet  long  and  from  three  to  five  inches  in 
diameter. 
When  I left  Mozufferpore  district  in  December 
1882,  the  total  length  of  avenues  on  the  district 
roads  was  about  210  miles,  most  of  which  were 
in  very  fair  condition ; while  along  some  12 
miles  of  roads  in  Mozufferpore  town  there  were 
about  2,800  trees  all  of  valuable  kinds,  which 
had  been  planted  and  maintained  under  my 
own  immediate  supervision  at  less  than  an  average 
cost  of  Rl-8  per  tree  and  most  of  which  no 
longer  required  any  special  protection. 
BLEACHING  OF  VEGETABLE  OILS. 
The  colouring  matters  in  vegetable  oils  consist 
of  a mixture  in  varying  proportions  of  the 
colouring  matters 'known  to  exist  in  the  leaves 
of  plants,  but  which,  in  the  case  of  oils  are 
derived  from  the  fruit  or  seeds  from  which  the 
oils  are  expressed.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
these  substances  are  closely  allied  in  chemical 
constitution;  they  all  possess  an  intensely  power- 
ful colouring  property,  that  is,  the  colour  of 
