THE ANATOMY OF BIRDS. — PNEUMATOLOGY. 
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o,p, trachea, or windpipe; q, inferior larynx, or syrinx ; r, r, right and left bronchus : ss, ss, contractor muscles 
of trachea; t, t, lungs, with u, u, apertures communicating with thoracic air-cells ; v, v, v, three pairs of muscular 
shps answering to a rudimentary diaphragm; 1,2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, as many ribs. — 2. Hyoid bone; a, glosso-hyal, tipped 
with cartilage, its posterior horns being cerato-hyals proper; &, basi-hyal ; c, basi-branchial proper, commonly 
called uro-hyal ; d, d, cerato-branchials proper, commonly called apo-hyals ; e, e, epibranchials proper, commonly 
called cerato-hyals, tipped with cartilage,/,/. —3. Glottis, or opening of trachea in the mouth; a, base of tongue; 
6, 6, horns of hyoid bone ; c, rima glottidis, cleft or chink of the glottis ; d,a, triangular vacuity ; e, an elastic liga- 
ment ; d and e represent an epiglottis ; / /, a papillose surface. —4. Larynx viewed from before (below); a, thy- 
roid bone or cartilage.— 5. Larynx viewed from behind (above).; a, thyroid bone ; b, 6, its appendages; c, cricoid; 
rf, d, arytenoids; e, e, anterior border of thyroid, to which d, d are connected by two arytenoid ligaments. —6. 
Larynx viewed from right side ; a, thyroid ; b, appendage ; c, cricoid ; d, arytenoid ; /,/ cartilage attached to ary- 
tenoid ; g, a tracheal ring. —7. Larynx viewed from behind ; a, thyroid ; 6, b, its appendages ; c, cricoid ; d, d, ary- 
tenoids.— 8, 9,10, 11, 12. Muscles of the larynx; 1,1 (fig. 8), thyro-liyoids ; 2, 2 (fig. 9), thyro-arytenoids, or openers 
of the glottis ; 3,3 (fig. 10), oblique arytenoids; 4, 4 (fig. 11), thyro-cricoids ; 5,5 (figs. 11 and 12), posterior thyro- 
cricoids. — 13. Bifurcation of trachea ; aba, last entire tracheal ring. — 14. Last entire tracheal ring, viewed from 
below, crossed by the pessulus. — 15. Bifurcation of trachea, and bronchi, viewed from below ; a, pessulus, the 
bolt-bar, or " bone of divarication " ; 6, 6, next succeeding tracheal half-rings. —16. a, b, c, d, inferior laryngeal 
or syringeal muscles, not well made out in this figure; see text. But the typical oscine arrangement (acromyo- 
dian) is perceived, inasmuch as anterior (a) and posterior (d) intrinsic muscular masses go to ends of the first 
tracheal half-ring, at 6 and c ; the extrinsic slip e passing to sternum ; compare fig. 1, at q. — 17. Trachea, etc., of 
the nightingale, nat. size. (Compare figs. 3, 67, 72, 73, 74.) 
The Song of Birds unlocks the great secret of Genesis to those who can hear the key- 
note. It is the closest approach, in animate nature, to the ringing of the hydrogen bells in the 
physics of light. The musical instrument figured (101, i"^) is the identical pipe the great god 
Pan " first fashioned for a legacy to all time, as so sweetly said by Mrs. Browning : — 
" He tore out a reed, the great god Pan, 
From the deep cool bed of the river. 
The limpid water turbidly ran, 
And the broken lilies a-dying lay. 
And the dragon-fly had fled away, 
Ere he brought it out of the river. 
" ' This is the way,' laughed the great god Pan, 
(Laughed while he sate by the river ! ) 
The only way since gods began 
To make sweet music, they could succeed.* 
Then dropping his mouth to a hole in the reed, 
He blew in power by the river, 
" Sweet, sweet, sweet, O Pan, 
Piercing sweet by the river! 
Blinding sweet, O great good Pan! 
The sun on the hill forgot to die. 
And the lilies revived, and the dragon-fly 
Came back to dream on the river." 
But the sad sequel, felt by Keats, when poor Psyche has seen and known, and Eros has 
found his wings : — 
" So did he feel who pulled the boughs aside. 
That we might look into a forest wide, 
To catch a glimpse of Fauns, and Dryades 
Coming with softest rustle through the trees; 
And garlands woven of flowers wild and sweet. 
Upheld on ivory wrists, or sporting feet: 
Telling us how fair trembling Syrinx fled 
Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread. 
Poor Nymph, — poor Pan, — how he did weep to find 
Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind 
.A.long the reedy stream ! a half heard strain 
Full of sweet desolation, balmy pain." 
The blessed blue-bird, "bearing the sky upon her back," is burthened with the same 
light load of song " — 
