230 GENERAL OBNITHOLOGY. 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND SUBORDERS. 
Page 
I. Toes 3; 2 in front, 1 behind Piciformes o/ Picari^ 444 
II. Toes 3 ; 3 in front. Toes — cleft or semipalmate LiMicoL^a: 596 
— palmate. Nostrils — tubular Longipenxes 732 
— not tubular Pygopodes 787 
III. Toes 4 ; 2 in front, 2 behind. Bill — cered and hooked Psittaci 494 
— neither cered nor hooked. Tail feathers — 8 or 10 
Cuculiformes o/Pioarijb 444 
— 12 Piciformes o/PiCARi.aj 444 
IV. Toes 4 ; 3 in front, 1 behind. 
Toes — syndactyle Cuculiformes ofPicAuiM 444 
— totipalmate (all four full-webbed) Steganopodes 718 
— palmate. Bill — curved up Limicoi.^ 596 
— not curved up — lamellate Lamellirostres 677 
— not lamellate. Hallux — lobate Pygopodes 787 
— not lobate . . Longipennes 732 
— lobate. Tail — rudimentary Pycjopodes 787 
— perfect. — A horny frontal shield Alectorides 665 
— No frontal shield Limicol^ 596 
— semipalmate ; joined by evident movable basal web (go to A). 
— cleft to the base or there immovably coherent (go to B). 
A. Hind toe — elevated. Tibiae — feathered below. Nostrils — perforate . . . Cathartides of Raptores 496 
— imperforate. Gape — reaching below eye 
Cypseliformesof^iCAUiMi^ 
— not reaching below eye 
Gai^lin^ 571 
— naked below. Nostrils — perforate Alectorides 665 
— imperforate. Tarsi — scutellate in front 
Ltmicol^ 596 
—reticulate. Head — bald 
Herodiones 647 
— feathered 
LIMICOL,^ 596 
— not elevated. Tibiae — naked below Herodiones 647 
— feathered below. Bill — cered and hooked Kaptores 496 
— not cered. Nasal— membrane soft Columb^ 561 
— scale hard . Galling 571 
B. Hind toe — elevated. Gape — reaching below eye Cypstlifomies of Picari^ 444 
— not below eye. 1st primary — emarginate or about = 2d . . Limicol^ 596 
— not emarginate and shorter than 2d 
Alectorides 665 
— not elevated. Nostrils — opening beneath soft swollen membrane Columb^ 561 
— otherwise. Bill — cered and hooked Raptores 496 
— otherwise. Secondaries — only six 
Cypseliformes of Picari^ 444 
— more than six (go to a). 
a. Primaries — 10; 1st more than § as long as the longest Clamatores of) 
— 10; 1st not I as long as the longest ^ Oscines of 
— 9 only } 
Passeres 238 
