8LYVIC0LIDJE — SYLVICOLIN^ : TBUE WABBLEBS. 299 
breast jet black, prolonged behind as streaks on the sides ; other under parts white, usually 
yellow-tinged ; wings and tail dusky, former with two white bars and much whitisli edging, 
latter with outer feathers nearly all white ; bill and feet blackish. J in the fall, and 9 the 
S})ring : Simihir, but the black restricted, interrupted, or veiled with yellow ; young similar to 
the 9 J the black still more restricted or wanting altogether, except a few streaks along 
sides. Small: Length 4.80-5.10; extent 7.60-8.00 ; wing 2.30-2.55 ; tail 2.00. Eastern 
U. S. and British Provinces, west only to the edge of the Plains; migratory, abundant; breeds 
from higher portions of the Middle States, and plentifully from New England northward; 
winters extralimital. This jaunty bird is one of the commonest warblers of summer in New 
England, breeding in the pineries, in June. Nest in fork of a bough, usually at some elevation, 
of the most miscellaneous materials ; eggs 4-5, 0.67 X 0.54, white, with the usual sprinkling 
or wreathing of brown and purplish markings. The nuptial song is very peculiar. 
113. D. occidenta'lis. (Lat. ocdtientoZis, western ; where the sun sets.) Western Warbler. 
Hermit Warbler. $ , adult : Above, ashy-gray, tinged with olive, especially on the rump, 
and closely streaked with black ; below, white. Top and sides of head rich yellow, the former 
with transverse black markings. Central line of chin, throat, and jugulum black, ending on 
the breast with a sharp convex outline, contrasted with the adjoining white. Wings and tail 
asinmVms. Bill black. Length 4.75-5.00; extent 7-75 ; wing 2.50-2.75 ; tail 2.12-2.25 ; 
tarsus 0.66-0.75 ; bill 0.40. 9? adult: Described as similar to the male, but darker gray 
above, with the yellow of the head less extended, and the throat whitish, spotted with dusky. 
Young : Upper parts olivaceous-ash, and the yellow of the top of the head overlaid with olive. 
Sides of the head pretty clear yellow, fading gradually into the white of the throat. No black 
on the throat. White of the under parts faintly brownish-tinged, and sides with obsolete 
streaks. In a September specimen the dusky olive extends over all the upper parts, tinging 
the ashy of the lower back, and reaching on the crown nearly to the bill, where it gradually 
lightens by admixture of yellow; the sides of the head are clear yellow, soiled with some 
olivaceous ; chin and throat the same, fading on the breast into the dull white of the other 
under parts ; sides with obsolete streaks, and a slight grayish-olive wash. There is no black 
whatever about the head or throat, and the blackish streaks of the back are obsolete. The 
vidngs are twice-barred with the conspicuous white tips of the greater and median wing- 
coverts. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, U. S. and southward ; one of the several western relatives 
of D. virens. 
114. D. town/sendi. (To J. K. Townsend.) Townsend's Warbler. ^, adult: Entire 
upper parts yellowish -olive, rather darker than in virens, everywhere streaked with black, 
. especially on the crown, where the black usually predominates ; no hidden yellow on the 
crown. Side of the head bright yellow, enclosing a large black patch, constituted by the 
loral and orbital and auricular regions, in M^hich the yellow eyelids appear. Chin, throat, 
breast, and sides part way, yellow, the jugulum black ; the sides of the breast and of the body 
streaked with black. Under wing-coverts, belly, flanks, and crissum white, the two latter 
slightly shaded and streaked with dusky. Wings crossed with two white bands, that of the 
median coverts broadest. Wings and tail fuscous, the former with pale edgings, the latter 
having two or three outer feathers largely blotched with white. Bill and feet blackish horn- 
color. Length about 5.00; extent 7.50-8.00 ; wing 2.25-2.50 ; tail 2.00. 9 : Like the ^,\mt 
the black of the jugulum mixed with yellow (and that on the sides of the head mixed with or re- 
placed by olive?) Young: Shade of the upper parts slightly brownish, and the black streaks 
slight, obsolete, or wanting. The dark patch on the side of the head olivaceous, like the back. 
No continuous black on the jugulum. Autumnal adults show various gradations between the 
characters of the old and young. Very closely related to D. virens, of which it is the western 
representative. Adult males readily distinguished by the darker greenish upper parts, con- 
spicuously streaked, especially on the head, with black; the black cheeks and auriculars; 
