304 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. —PASSEBES— OSCINES. 
123. D. casta'nea. (Lat. castanea, a chestnut, in allusion to the color.) Bay-breasted War- 
bler. ^ , in spring : Back thickly streaked with black and grayish-olive ; forehead and sides 
of head hlacJc, enclosing a large deep chestnut patch ; a duller chestnut (exactly like a blue-bird's 
breast) occupies the whole chin and throat and thence extends, more or less interrupted, along 
the entire sides of the body ; rest of under parts ochrey or buffy whitish ; a similar buffy area 
behind the ears ; wing-bars and tail-spots ordinary ] bill and feet blackish. 9 ? in spring : 
More olivaceous than the male, with the markings less pronounced ; but always shows evident 
chestnut coloration : and probably traces of it persist in all aclidt birds in the fall. The young, 
however, so closely resemble young striata, that it is sometimes impossible to distinguish them 
with certainty. The upper parts, in fact, are of precisely the same greenish-olive, with black 
streaks ; but there is generally a difference below — castanea being there tinged with, buffy or 
ochrey, instead of the clearer pale yellowish of striata ; this shade is particularly observable on 
belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts, just where striata is whitest ; and moreover, castanea is 
usually not streaked on the sides at all. Mature spring birds vary interminably in the extent 
and intensity of the chestnut. Size of striata^ Eastern N. Am., north to Hudson's Bay, W. 
to the edge of the Plains. Winters extralimital. Migratory in most of the U. S. Breeds 
from northern New England northward. Nests moderately high in conifers, building a large 
nest of twigs, tree-moss, rootlets, fur, etc.; eggs 3-6, 0.70 X 0.52, bluish-green, profusely 
spotted with browns and lilac. 
124. D. pennsylva'nica. (Of '^Penn's woods"; sylva^ a forest; sylvanus, sylvan. Fig. 167.) 
Chestnut-sided Warbler. J", in spring: Back streaked with black and pale yellow (some- 
times ashy or whitish) ; whole crown pure yelloiv, immediately bordered with white, then 
enclosed with black ; sides of head and neck and whole under 
parts pure tvhite, former with an irregular black crescent before 
the eye, one horn extending backward over the eye to border the 
yellow crown and be dissipated on the sides of the nape, the other 
reaching downward and backward to connect with a chain of pure 
chestnut streaks that run the whole length of the body, the 
under eyelid and auriculars being left white ; wing-bands gen- 
erally fused into one large patch, and, like the edging of the inner 
secondaries, much tinged Math yellow; tail-spots white, as usual ; 
Warbler, nat! ie."TArnaTdeh ™ blackish, feet brown. 9, in spring: Quite similar; colors 
E. C.) less pure ; black loral crescent obscure or wanting ; chestnut 
streaks thinner. Young : Above, including the crown, clear yellowish-green, perfectly uniform, 
or back with slight dusky touches ; no distinct head-markings ; below, entirely lohite from bill 
to tail, unmarked, or else showing a trace of chestnut streaks on the sides ; wing-hands clear 
yellow as in the adult ; this is a diagnostic feature, shared by no other species, taken in con- 
nection with the continuously white under parts ; bill light-colored below. Small : Length 
4.80-5.10 ; extent 7.75-8.10; wing 2.30-2.50; tail 2.00. Eastern U. S. and adjoining British 
Provinces; west only to the edge of the Plains; winters extralimital; breeds abundantly in 
Middle and Northern States; nests in forks of low saplings, shrubs, and bushes; eggs 4-5, 0.68 
X 0.50, with the usual markings. A pretty species chained with chestnut on snowy ground. 
125. D. maculo'sa. (Lat. maculosa, full of spots ; macula, a spot. Fig. 168.) Black-and- 
YELLOW Warbler. Magnolia. ^ 9 i in spring : Back black, usually quite pure and unin- 
terrupted in the $ , more or less mixed with olive in the 9 ; rump yellow ; upper tail-coverts 
black, often skirted with olive or ashy. Whole crown of head clear ash; sides of head black, 
including a very narrow frontlet ; the eyelids and a stripe behind the eye, between the ash and 
black, white. Entire under parts rich yellow, excepting the white crissum, heavily streaked 
with black across the breast and along the sides, the streaks on the breast so thick as to form a 
nearly continuous black border to the immaculate yeUow throat. Wings fuscous, with white 
