318 
SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. —PASSEBES— OSCINES. 
subequal and longest. Tail moderate in length, shorter than wings, emarginate. Tarsus not 
longer than middle toe ; lateral toes about equal, outer coherent with middle by nearly all of 
the length of its basal joint. Sexes more or less unlike in color; red usually prevailing in the 
male sex. Habits migratory, insectivorous, arboreal; voice not musical. Eggs spotted. 
Four species of this beautiful genus inhabit the U. S., three of them representing as many of 
the sections into which it is divisible according to pattern of coloration. Numerous others are 
found in the warmer parts of America. 
Analysis of Species. 
cf Crimson or scarlet, with black wings and tail : $ clear olive and yellow. No wing-bars . . . rubra 154 
Vermilion or rose-red, including wings and tail; ? brownish-olive and buffy-yellow. Bill light. 
Smaller: length about 7.50; wing 3.75 cBstiva 155 
Larger: length about 8.00; wing 4.25 cooperi 156 
(f Dusky-red above, including wings and tail, ashy-olive and yellow. Bill dark hepatica 157 
cf Yellow, with scarlet head and black back, wings and tail. ? clear olive and yellow, with 2 wing-bars 
ludoviciana 158 
154. P. rub'ra. (Lat. rw&?'(X, red.) Scaelet Tanager. adult: Crimson or scarlet ; wings 
and tail black ; bill and feet dark horn-color. 9 > adult : Above, clear olive-green ; below, 
clear greenish-yellow ; wings and tail dusky, glossed with the color of the back ; no wing- 
bars. $ , young : Like the 9 ; later, when changing, patched with red, green, and black. 
Adult males often show abnormal coloring, the body being yellow, orange, or flame-color; 
or red patches appectxiug on the wing coverts. $ said to change back to plumage of 9 at 
each fall moult (?) Length 6.75-7.00 ; extent 11.00-12.00 ; wing 3.50-3.90 ; tail about 3.00. 
Eastern U. S. and adjoining British Provinces, strictly ; W. to Kansas, Indian Territory, and 
Texas ; not common N. of Massachusetts ; breeds throughout its U. S. range ; winters extra- 
limital. This brilliant creature nests in woods, groves, and orchards, upon the horizontal 
bough of a tree, building a rather loose and shallow fabric of twigs, fibres, rootlets, etc. Eggs 
3-5, 0.95 X 0.65, dull greenish -blue, fully spotted with brown and lilac. 
155. P. aesti'va. (Lat. cestiva, summery; cestas, summer.) Rose Tanager. Summer Red- 
bird. ^, adult : Rich rose-red or vermilion, including wings and tail; the former dusky on 
unexposed portions of the feathers; bill pale; feet darker. 9> adult: Dull brownish- olive 
above, below dull brownish-yellow ; no wdng-bars. ^ , young : Like the 9 • S changing 
plumage shows red, greenish and yellowish in irregular patches, but no black. The 9 distin- 
guished from 9 fubra by the dull brownish, ochrey, or huffy shades of the olive and yellowish, 
the greenish and yellowish of 9 f'uhi^a being much clearer and paler ; also by the paler bill 
and feet. The tint of mature males varies greatly ; from rosy to bricky red. Size of rubra, 
or rather larger. Eastern U. S., strictly, and rather southerly ; N. rarely to Connecticut, only 
casually farther ; W. to Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. Migratory, abundant ; breeds 
throughout its range ; winters extralimital. Nesting and eggs like those of rubra. 
156. P. a. coo'peri. (To Dr. J. G. Cooper, of California.) Cooper's Tanager. Western Sum- 
mer Red-bird. Characters of cestiva; back rather darker than head; larger; length about 
8.00 ; extent about 13.00; wing 4.25; tail 3.60 ; bill 0.75 ; tarsus 0.80. Little distinguished. 
Southern Rocky Mt. region. 
157. P. hepa'tica. (Lat. hepar, hepatis, the liver.) Hepatic Tanager. ^, adult: Upper 
parts brownish-ashy, intimately mixed with dull red ; top of head, upper tail-coverts, and 
edgings of wings and tail, brighter brownish-red. Inner webs and ends of wing-quills dusky ; 
tail-feathers throughout decidedly tinged with red. Sides of the head like the back ; edges of 
eyelids red. Below, bright red; sides and flanks shaded with the color of the back, many 
feathers often also with ashy skirting. Bill and feet blackish -plumbeous, the cutting edge of 
the upper mandible furnished Mdth a tooth more prominent than in most species (fig. 178). 
Length about 8.00; wing 4.00; tail 3.33 ; bill 0.66; tarsus 0.80. 9, adult: Bill and feet as 
in the ^. Upper parts greenish -olive, with an ashy-gray tinge, the crown and rumj^ clearer 
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