AMPELIDJE — PTILOGONATIN^ : FLY-SNAPPERS. 
327 
markings at the ends, and the same is the case with the primary coverts. Tliese wing-mark- 
ings, with the chestnut crissum, and absence of yellowish on the belly, will always distinguish 
the species from A. cedrorum, independently of its much superior size. Young: There is an 
early streaked stage of plumage, like that of A. cedrorum. Northern hemisphere, northerly, 
wandering south in vast troops at irregular periods. In America, south regularly in winter to 
the northern tier of States ; in the Rocky Mts. much further ; casually to about 35°. Rare on 
the Pacific coast except in Alaska. Breeds in high latitudes, but down to the U. S. border in 
the Rocky Mts. Nesting substantially the same as that of A. cedrorum, and eggs only differ- 
ent in their greater size — about 1.00 x 0.67- 
167. A. cedro'rum. (Lat. cedrus, gen. pi. cedrorum, the cedar. Fig. 186.) Cedar Waxwing. 
Carolina Waxwing. Cedar-bird. Cherry-bird. $ 9 ? adult : General color shading 
from clear pure asli on the upper tail-coverts and rump through olivaceous-cinnamon into a 
richer and somewhat purplish -cinnamon on the fore parts 
and head. On the under parts, the color shades through 
yellowish on the belly into white on the under tail -coverts. 
There is no demarcation of color whatever, and the tints 
are scarcely susceptible of adequate description. Frontlet, 
lores, and stripe through the eye, velvety -black ; chin the 
same, soon shading into the color of the breast. A sharp 
white line on the side of the under jaw ; a narrower one 
bordering the black frontlet and lores ; lower eyelid M^hite. 
Quills of the wings slate-gray, blackening at the ends, 
paler along the edges of the inner webs ; without white 
or yellow markings, as a rule ; inner quills tipped with 
red horny appendages. Tail-feathers like the primaries, 
but tipped with yellow, and sometimes also showing red 
horny appendages. Bill plumbeous-black, sometimes paler Fig. 186. -Cedar-bird, nat. size, 
at base belowj feet black. Length 6.50-7.25; extent (Ad nat. del. E. c.) 
11.50-12.00; wing 3.50-3.75 ; tail 2.25. Young: Brownish-gray, with a slight olive shade; 
paler below, whitening or becoming slightly yellowish on the belly ; everywhere streaked with 
dingy whitish ; the markings most evident on the breast and sides. Wings and tail as in the 
adults, but usually lacking the red appendages. The velvety-black and white on the head 
imperfectly defined. Bill pale at base below ; feet plumbeous. Specimens apparently mature 
and full-feathered frequently lack the sealing-wax tips. These are normally confined to the 
secondaries, but occasionally appear on one or several primaries, and some or all of the rectrices 
(as in fig. 185); a case is recorded in which an under tail-covert was similarly embellished. Both 
sexes possess these ornaments, but as a rule they are best developed in the $. The normal 
period of their appearance is not known — it is probably not constant ; birds in the earliest 
known plumage may possess one or more. They are possibly deciduous, independently of 
moult of the feather. Their use is unknown. N. Am. at large to lat. 54° N. at least; breeds 
indifferently throughout its N. A. range, and migrates or rather wanders about according 
to food-supply; winters in most of the U. S. ; goes in flocks nearly the whole year, and is 
especially fond of resorting to cedar thickets to feed upon the berries ; breeds late (June, July) 
in orchards and groves; nest in trees or bushes, in the crotch of a bough or saddled on a limb; 
eggs 3-6, livid or pale bluish, sharply and usually thickly marked with blackish surface spots 
and others paler in the shell; narrow and elongate, about 0.82 X 0.60. 
19. Subfamily PTILOCONATIN/E : Fly-snappers. 
Bill much as in the last subfamily, but slenderer for its length ; nasal scale naked ; a few 
short bristles about base of the bill. Tarsus scutellate anteriorly, and sometimes also on 
