FRINGILLID^ : FINCHES, BUNTINGS, SPAMROWS, ETC. 373 
80. PEUC^'A, (Gr. ncvKT], pence, a pine ; not well applied except to P. eestivalis.) Summer 
Finches. Bill of moderate size, rather elongate- conic, upper mandible declivous toward end, 
commissure bent. Wings short and much rounded, folding little if any beyond base of tail, the 
inner secondaries not elongated. Tail little or much longer than wing, much rounded, the 
lateral feathers some i an inch shorter than the middle ; of weak narrowly linear feathers with 
elliptically rounded ends. Feet small and weak, not reaching when outstretched nearly to end 
of tail ; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw ; lateral toes equal, short, their claws not 
nearly reaching base of middle claw. Adults scarcely or not streaked below ; crown chestnut 
or (oftener) quite like back, streaked with rusty-brown, black, and gray. A superciliary and 
post-ocular stripe, but usually none running under auriculars ; more or less distinct black 
maxillary stripes. Edge of wing yellow (in most species. These nest on the ground and lay 
white eggs). 
Analysis of Species (adults). 
Edge of wing yellow. Crown not uniform chestnut ; no chestnut on lesser wing-coverts. Maxillary stripes 
slight. Nest on ground ; eggs white. 
Broadly marked above with rufous streaks or blotches on ashy ground, with black centres of the 
streaks on middle of back. Tail-feathers plain, or only with obscure whitish area . . eestivalis 251-253 
Mai'ked above with pale brown black-centred streaks, these black centres enlarged transversely at 
their ends on the middle of back. Tail-feathers shafted and barred with blackish, the outer broadly 
edged and tipped with white cassini 254 
Edge of wing not yellow. Crown chestnut. Maxillary stripes heavy. 
No chestnut on lesser wing-coverts ruficeps 255-256 
A chestnut patch on lesser wing-coverts carpalis 257 
251. P. aestiva'lis. (Lat. eestivalis, like cestivus, summery ; cBstas, summer.) Bachman's Summer 
Finch. Upper parts, including crown, continuously streaked with blackish, dull chestnut and 
ashy-gray ; no yellow about head ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries marked like the ba(;k ; 
edge and bend of wing yellow, as in Coturniculus passerinus. Below, dull brownish-ash, or 
brownish-gray, whitening on the belly, deepest on sides and across breast, nowhere obviously 
streaked in adult plumage. Some obscure dusky maxillary streaks, some vague dusky mark- 
ings on auriculars, a slight ashy superciliary line, and very obscure median ashy line on crown. 
Bill dark above, pale below ; legs very pale ; lateral claws falling far short of base of middle 
claw ; hind claw much shorter than its digit ; tarsus not longer than middle toe and claw ; tail 
much rounded, with obscure grayish-white area on the lateral feathers. Young have the breast 
and sides evidently streaked. Length 5.75-6.20, average 5.90; extent 7.60-8.30, average 8.00; 
wing 2.17-2.55, average 2.40; tail 2.25-2.68, average 2.50. South Atlantic States, strictly, 
and especially a bird of pine barrens, common in suitable localities ; a fine songster. Nest on 
the ground, of grasses; eggs 4, 0.75 X 0.60, pure white. As the first described species of the 
genus, this has been used as a standard of comparison ; but it is the most modified offshoot of a 
genus which focusses in the Southwest and Mexico. 
252. P. 86. illinoen'sis. (Of Illinois.) Illinois Summer Finch. Oak-woods Sparrow. Above, 
sandy-ferruginous, indistinctly streaked with light ashy-gray, the streaks broadest on the back 
and middle line of crown ; interscapulars sometimes with narrow black streaks. Wings light 
ferruginous, the greater coverts less reddish and edged with paler ; inner secondaries dusky, 
bordered at ends with pale reddish ash. Tail plain grayish-brown, with ashy edgings of the 
feathers. Sides of head, neck, and body and breast quite across, dingy bufi'-color, deepest on 
breast, paler on throat and chin ; a post-ocular rusty-brown streak over the auriculars ; sides 
of neck streaked with the same ; an indistinct dusky streak on side of throat ; belly dull white ; 
crissum bufif ; edge of wing bright yellow ; bill pale horn-color, darkest above ; feet pale 
brown ; iris brown. Size of eestivalis; wing a little longer, 2.35-2.60, average 2.50 ; tail 2.55- 
3.80, average 2.70 ; bill thicker ; black streaks of upper parts, instead of being generally dis- 
tributed, few and confined to the interscapulars ; breast and sides more buffy. Illinois to 
Texas. (Like aestivalis proper, but quite different from any of the following forms.) 
