480 
SYSTEMA TIC SYNOPSIS. — PICABI^ — PICIFOBMES. 
150. HYLO'TOMUS. (Gr. vKoroyLos^ hulotomos, a wood -cutter.) Pileated Woodpeckers. 
General form as in Campephilus. Bill as in that genus, but not white, with shorter gonys 
only about half as long as commissure ; nasal plumes as before, but no antrorse feathers on 
sides of lower mandible. Wings and tail substantially as in Campephilus. Feet peculiar: 
outer posterior shorter than outer anterior toe, and tarsus shorter than inner anterior toe and 
claw; inner posterior toe very short (fig. 330). Bill dark; general color black, relieved by 
white, the $ with a pointed scarlet crest : 9 crested, but with black only. Our single species 
is the representative of the famous black woodpecker of Europe, Picus martius ; a classic bird, 
by some considered the type of the Linnsean genus Picus. There are several typical American 
species. 
433. H. pilea'tus. (Lat. pileatus, capped, i. e., crested; pileum, a cap.) Pileated Woodpecker. 
General color dull black ; throat, post-ocular line, a long stripe from nostrils along side of 
head and neck, spreading on side of breast, 
lining of wing, and a great white space at 
the bases of the wing-quills, white, more 
or less tinged with sulphury-yellow. Feath- 
ers of flanks and belly often skirted, and 
some of the quills often tipped with the 
same. $ : Top of head, including the 
whole crest, and a cheek-patch, scarlet. 
9 : Posterior part of crest only scarlet, 
Fig. 330. — Right foot of Pileated Woodpecker, nat. size, and no cheek-patch. $ 9: Bill dark 
(Ad. nat. del. E. c.) liorn-color, paler below ; feet blackish- 
plumbeous; iris yellow. Quite constant in coloration; very variable in size. Length 15.00- 
19.00 inches, usually 17.00-18.00; extent 25.00-30.00, usually 2G.00-28.00; \^dng 8.00-10.00, 
usually 8.50-9.00 ; tail 6.00-7.00 ; bill 1.50-2.00 ! 9 averaging about 2 inches less in length 
than and other dimensions proportionally smaller. Northern individuals averaging much 
larger than southern ones. North Am. at large, common, resident anywhere in heavy timber; 
but this is a very wild, wary, and solitary bird, — one which grows scarce or disappears among 
the first Avith the clearing away of forests in advance of civilization. Nests in remote and 
secluded woods and swamps, usually at a great height ; the taking of eggs is something of an 
exploit. The eggs measure about 1.25 X 1-00. Eggs of woodpeckers are proportioned rather 
to the bird's bulk of body than its linear dimensions; those of Campephilus and Hylotomiis are 
relatively smaller than a flicker's, for instance. 
151. PI'CUS. (Lat. a woodpecker.) Black-and-white Spotted Woodpeckers. Bill 
more or less nearly equal to head in length, stout, straight, truncate at tip, bevelled toward end, 
with sharp culmen and distinct lateral ridges on upper mandible ; at base rather broader than 
high, with large nasal tufts hiding the nostrils ; culmen, commissure and gonys straight or 
nearly so (fig. 333.) Feet with the outer posterior longer than outer anterior toe; inner anterior 
intermediate between these. Wing long, pointed by the 4th, 3d and 5th quills ; 2d decidedly 
shorter (shorter than 7th, except in P. borealis) ; 1st fairly spurious. Species of medium and 
small size, all black-and-white (one brown-backed), the back striped or barred, the wings with 
numerous small round white spots on the quills ; ^ with red on the head. 
Analysis of Species and Varieties. 
Back dark brown, neither striped nor fully barred with white stricldandi 437 
Back black, not striped lengthwise, but barred crosswise with white : " ladder-backs " (as in fig. 339). 
One large white space on side of head. Crown black borealis 433 
Two white stripes on sides of head. 
Nasal feathers white; cf crown black, nape red, both white-spotted nuttalli 435 
Nasal feathers brown; J" crown and nape red, both white-spotted. 
Outer web of outer tail-feather entirely black-barred scalaris 434 
