PICID^: WOODPECKERS. 
483 
438. P. villo'sus. (Lat. ?;t7Zosi«5, hairy, shaggy, villous. Fig. 333.) HaiRy Woodpecker. Spotted 
and k'ligthwiso istrcakod, but not banded. Usually 9-10 loug; outer tail-feathers wholly wdiite. 
liack black, with a long white stripe down the middle. Quills and iving-coverts with a pro- 
fusion of white sjjots ; usually 6-7 pairs on the i)rinuiries, several on all the secondaries, and 
one or mon; on each of the coverts. Four nuddle tail-feathers black ; next pair black and 
white; next two i)airs white, as stated. Under parts white. Crown and sides of head black, 
with a white stripe over and behind the eye; another from the nasal feathers running below 
tiie eye to spread on the side of the neck; a scarlet nuchal band in the $ , sometimes broken 
in two, wanting in the 9 • Young with the crown mostly red or bronzy, or even yellowish. 
Eastern N. Am., abundant. Length usually 9.00-10.00 ; extent 15.50-17.50 ; wing 4.50-5.00 ; 
tail 3.50 ; bill 1.12 ; whole foot 1.66. Varies greatly in size, mainly according to latitude. In 
the West, shades directly into P. v. harrisi, by disappearance of the spots from the coverts and 
inner secondaries ; the change occurs on the Eastern slopes of the Kocky Mts. One of the 
common Eastern U. S. woodpeckers, in British Am. trending westward to the Pacific in 
Alaska ; but not so often noticed as the little P. puhescens, as it is less familiar, and keeps more 
in the woods. Resident wherever occurring. Eggs 4-6 or 7; 1.00 X 0.75. 
a. major. Northern: very large and hoary. Length up to 11.00 ; wing over 5.00; tail 
nearly 4.00; whole foot 1.90 ; bill 1.50 ! (P. leucomelas Bodd.) 
b. medius. The ordinary bird, as above. 
c. minor. Southern : very small and dark. Grading down to 8.00, thus within an inch of 
the maximum of P. puhescens. (P. auduhoni Sw.) 
439. P. V. har'risi. (To Edward Harris.) Harris' Woodpecker. Exactly like villosuSj except- 
ing fewer wing-spots; generally none on the coverts and inner quills; with specimens enough 
we can see the spots disappear one by one. Generally white below, but in some regions 
smoky-gray (a thing uQt observed in Eastern birds), such being especially the case on the 
Pacific slopes, where the smoky-bellied birds also sometimes acquire a few thin black stripes 
on the sides ; those from the interior being quite purely white below. Size of an average 
P. villosus. Eocky Mts. to the Pacific, U. S. 
440. P. pubes'cens. (Lat. puhescens, coming to puberty; i. e. hairy. Fig. 334.) Downy Wood- 
pecker. Usually 6-7 long ; outer tail-feathers barred with black and white. Exactly like 
P. villosus, except in these respects. Length 6.00-7.00 ; 
extent 11.00-12.00; wing 3.50-4.00; tail under 3.00; 
bill about 0.66; whole foot 1.25. Eastern N. Am., 
abundant in orchards, and all wooded places. Range 
substantially the same as that of the hairy woodpecker, 
but in most U. S. localities the more abundant of the 
two ; on the whole rather more southerly. This is the 
little spotted bird that bores the apple-trees so persist- 
ently ; but it does not appear to hurt them. There is 
no such diff'erence in the character of the plumage as 
the terms ''downy" and ''hairy" imply. Eggs about Fig. 334. —Downy Woodpecker, nat. size. 
6, 0.S5 X 0.70. d^l- ^' 
441. P. p. gaird'neri. (To Dr. Meredith Gairdner, a Scotch naturalist.) Bearing the same relation 
to P. puhescens that harrisi does to P. villosus ; the wing-spots few or wanting on the inner 
quills and the coverts, the belly smoky-gray in some localities. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, 
U. S., but much rarer than P. puhescens is in the East, and almost wanting in much of the 
Rocky Mt. region, where P. harrisi abounds. 
152. XENOPI'CUS. (Gr. ^euos, xenos, rare, foreign.) Masked Woodpeckers. Form as in 
Picus proper. Body uniformly black. Head white. Tongue said to be but little mor - 
extensible than in Sphyropicus (not verified by me). 
