564 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. — COLUMB^ —PERISTEB^. 
ordinary Pigeons, and the anatomy is conformable to a usual type, except that the lining of the 
gizzard is ossified. 
4. The large Old World genera Treron and Ptilopus, with which latter another large 
genus, CarjJophaga, is closely related, are a group of fruit-eating, arboricole species, with a 
short, stout beak, short., soft, broad-soled and extensively feathered feet, normally 14 rectrices, 
and soft lustreless plumage, of which green is the characteristic color. Of such Treronince or 
Treronidce, 54 species are confined to the Austro- Malayan, while 28 inhabit the Tndo- 
Malayan, subregion : In India 14, and in Africa a species are found ; 30 inhabit the Pacific 
Islands, and 8 occur in Australia or New Zealand, while New Guinea has 14 species " 
{Wallace). 
5. There are a large number of Pigeons of both the Old and New World, possessing neitlier 
the peculiarities already stated nor those of the Columbince proper, to be presently given. 
They are the Zenaidince and Phapince of Bonaparte, with more or less lengthened naked tarsi, 
and of more or less terrestrial habits. They are exemplified by such genera as Chamce'pelia 
and Melopelia with 12 rectrices, and Zenaidura with 14, of America; by Lopholcemus with 12, 
Geopelia, Phlogoenas and Ocyphaps with 14, and Phaps with 16, of the Old World. Nearly 
all possess the ambiens and oil-gland, without coeca or gall-l)ladder. Having many points in 
common, these ground-doves might form a subfamily Zenaidince or Phapince, notwithstanding 
the peculiarities of certain genera. Such a group would correspond to the two Bonapartian 
subfamilies just named, and closely with the Phapitice of Garr(^d. 
6. From the Zenaidin<E thus composed our genus Starncenas differs more notably than 
authors, excepting Oarrod, seem to have appreciated. It is a pullet-like ground-pigeon, with 
long reticulate tarsus, short and somewhat elevated hind toe ; with coeca and without oil-gland 
or ambiens muscle, the reverse of the rule in Zenaidince as above noted. It can hardly be 
referred to the totally difi"erent Treronince on the single circumstance of lacking the ambiens, 
and must stand alone, in such division of the family as is here sketched, as type of a new sub- 
family Starnoenadince. 
7. With the remaining Columhidce there is no difficulty, as they form a well character- 
ized restricted subfamily Columbince. The leading genera are the square-tailed Coluniba, of 
both Worlds ; the round-tailed Turtur of the Old ; the wedge-tailed Macropygia of the Old, 
matched by the wedge-tailed Ectopistes of the New. The species are arboreal, with short feet, 
scutellate or partly -feathered tarsi, and 12 tail-feathers; coeca, oil-gland, and ambiens present; 
gall-bladder absent. 
Of the seven groups thus indicated, three are North American. They may readily be 
distinguished as follows. 
Analysis of North American Sithfamilies of Columbidce. 
Tarsi scutellate, feathered Columbin<s 
Tarsi scutellate, naked Zenaidinm 
Tarsi reticulate, naked Starnoenadince 
48. Subfamiiy COLUMBBN>E : Typical Pigeons. 
Feet small ; tarsus short, not longer than the lateral toes, scutellate in front, feathered 
above. Wing pointed, of 10 primaries. Tail variable in shape, of 12 rectrices. Bill typically 
as described above. Arboreal. (See above for anatomical characters.) 
Analysis of Genera. 
Tail nearly even, much shorter than the wing, with broad obtuse feathers Columba 192 
Tail long, cuneate, equal to wings, with narrow tapering feathers Ectopistes 193 
192. COLUM'BA. (Lat. columba^ a pigeon.) Bill short and comparatively stout, about half as 
long as head. Wings pointed, 2d and 3d quills hmgest. No black spots on scapulars. Lateral 
toes of about equal lengths, with claws about as long as middle toe without ; hind toe and claw 
