COLUMBID^ — STARNCENADIN^: QUAIL DOVES. 
571 
Wings short, rounded; 3d and 4th quills longest, 2d and 4th little shorter, 1st much shorter. 
Feet strongly zeuaidine ; tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw ; still, scutellate in front, 
and hind toe more than half as long as the middle, perfectly insistent. Bill rather long and stout ; 
frontal feathers obtuse on culmen. Head and wings without blue-black spots ; whole upper 
parts highly lustrous. Medium size ; form stocky, somewhat quail-like, but tail long. Ap- 
proaching the next, but at a distance. West Indian and Tropical American. 
550. G. marti'nica. (Of Martinique.) Key West Dove. Above, vinaceous-red with highly 
iridescent lustre of various tints ; below, pale purplish fading to creamy ; an infra-ocular stripe 
and the throat white. Length 11.00 ; wing and tail about 6.00. West Indies and Key West, 
Florida, where not observed of late. 
50. Subfamily STARN(ENADIN>E : Quail Doves. 
See p. 564. Hallux not perfectly insistent; short, only about half as long as the middle 
toe and claw. Feet large and stout ; tarsus longer than the middle toe, entirely bare of 
feathers even on the joint, completely covered with small hexagonal scales. With coeca, but 
without oil-gland or ambiens muscle, the reverse of the Zenaidince, of which it is a remarkable 
outlying form, grading toward gallinaceous birds in structure and habits ; like some partridges 
even to the special head-markings. Including one isolated American genus and species, not 
referable to any estabhshed Old World group. 
201. STARNCE'NAS. {Starna, name of a genus of partridges ; Gr. oiVay, oenas, a dove.) Quail 
Doves. In addition to the foregoing : Bill short, stout; frontal feathers projected in a point on 
culmen. Wings short, broad, vaulted and much rounded ; first primary reduced. Tail short, 
broad, nearly even. Size medium ; whole form and appearance quail-like. West Indian. 
551. S. cyanoce'phala. (Gr. Kvavos, kuanos, blue; K€(paXr], Jcephale, head. Fig. 393.) Bltte- 
HEADED Quail Dove. Crown rich blue bounded by blafck ; a white stripe under the eye, 
meeting its fellow on the chin ; throat black, bordered with white. General color olivaceous- 
chocolate above, purplish-red below, lighter centrally. Length 11.00 ; wing 5.50 : tail 4.50. 
West Indies and Florida Keys. 
VI. Order G-ALLIN-ffi : G-allinaceous Birds; Fowls. 
Equivalent to the old order Basores, exclusive of the Pigeons — this name being derived 
from the characteristic habit of scratching the ground in search of food ; connecting the lower 
terrestrial pigeons with the higher members of the great plover-snipe group. On the one hand, 
it shades into the Columbce so perfectly that Huxley has proposed to call the two together the 
Gallo-columbine series ; " on the other hand, some of its genera show a strong plover- ward 
tendency, and have even been placed in LimicolcB. I have already (p. 562) noted the inoscula- 
tion of Gallince with ColumhcE by means of the grouse-like Pigeons, Pterocletes ; it remains to 
indicate the limits of the Gallince in other directions, by referring to two remarkable groups, 
one represented by Opisthocomus alone, the other consisting of the Hemipods or Turnices. 
Both of these have usually been referred to Gallincs. 
1. The wonderful Hoatzin of Guiana, OpistJiocomus cristatus, is one of the most isolated 
and puzzling forms in ornithology, sometimes placed near the Musophagidce ^ but assigned by 
maturer judgment to the neighborhood of the fowls, which it resembles in many respects, as an in- 
dependent order Opisthocomi, sole relict of an ancestral type. The sternum and shoulder-girdle 
are anomalous ; the keel is cut away in front ; the furcula anchylose with the coracoids (very 
rare) and with the manubrium of the sternum (unique) ; the digestive system is scarcely less 
singular ; and other characters are remarkable. 
2. The bush-quails of the Old World, Turnicidce, differ widely from the Gallince^ re- 
sembling the Grouse-pigeons and Tinamous in some respects, and related to the Plovers in 
