SCOLOPACID^: SANDPIPEBS. 
627 
generally, and of the tertials and central tail-feathers, light bright chestnut, and the tips pure 
white. Lesser wing-coverts broadly edged and tipped with light ferruginous. Suffusion on 
the breast and juguluin with a yellowish ochreous tinge not seen in the adult, and the streaks 
less distinct. Other parts as in the adult. Not known to have a plain ashy and white winter 
plumage like most sandpipers. Length 9.00-9.50 inches; extent 10.50-18.00 ; wing (average) 
5.50; bill, tarsus, and middle toe with claw about 1.10. N., C. and S. Am., W. I., Green- 
land, Asia, and Europe; thus of wide and general dispersion; in U. S., chiefly during the 
migrations, when abundant in wet grassy meadows, muddy ponds and flats, etc. It goes very far 
north, quite to the Arctic Ocean, and is supposed to breed only in high latitudes ; the nest and 
eggs are still unknown. In some respects of habit it is quite snipe-like ; it never flocks on the 
beaches with the smaller sandpipers, and it has at times a wayward towering flight, like that 
of a snipe. During the amours, this sandpiper has the power of inflating the throat to a won- 
derful extent, forming a swelling which hangs like a great goitre upon the breast. ' Pectoral 
sandpiper' is a book-name, seldom spoken, the bird being better known as the 'grass-snipe,' 
and ^jack-snipe'; but both these names are objectionable, as it is not a snipe; and 'jack- 
snipe,' moreover, is the proper name of an English species of Gallinago (G. gallinuld), not 
found in this country, where G. wilsoni sometimes takes the same designation. 
617. A. bonapar'tii. (To C. L. Bonaparte.) White-rumped Sandpiper. Bill quite stout, 
moderately long, equal to the head or tarsus, the tips somewhat expanded. Grooves on both 
I mandibles long and deep. Feathers extending on the lower mandible but little beyond those 
on the upper. Wings long, pointed, first primary decidedly longest ; tertials long, narrow, 
and flowing. Tail moderate, quite deeply doubly-emarginate, the central feathers somewhat 
pointed and considerably projecting. Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe. Toes long, 
slender, and slightly margined. Crown and upper parts generally light brownish-ash, each 
feather with a large field of dusky towards its end, and on the crown and middle of the back 
edged with light yellowish-red, deepening into bright sienna on the scapulars. Lesser wing- 
coverts dark brownish-ash, fading into light ashy on the edges, and with shaft-lines of blackish. 
Secondaries and greater coverts light grayish-ash, edged and tipped with white. Tertials very 
dark brownish-ash, fading into light ashy on the edges. Primaries deep dusky, their shafts 
white in the central portions, and the innermost edged with white. Rump brownish-black. 
Upper tail-coverts wJiite, their outer series with sagittate spots of dusky. Central tail-feathers 
brownish-black, the rest very light grayish-ash, broadly edged and tipped with white. Jug- 
ulum and breast with a scarcely appreciable wash of light ashy, with numerous, distinct, linear- 
oblong streaks of dusky brown ; these extend as minute dots nearly or quite to the bill, and as 
narrow shaft-lines along the sides to the vent. Rest of under parts white, immaculate. 
Lower mandible flesh-colored for half its length ; rest of bill, with the legs and feet, black. 
Length 7-50; extent 15.00; wing 4.80; bill, tarsus and middle toe with claw rather less than 
1.00, Young in August : Upper parts a nearly uniform dark ash, the black of the adults show- 
ing at intervals, but principally on the scapulars, where also the reddish margins of the feathers 
are apparent. Jugulum and sides under the wings with an ashy sufi'usion, more conspicuous 
than in the adult, but much more restricted, and the streaks more obsolete and indistinct. 
Central pair of upper tail-coverts usually dusky. Other parts as in the adult. America at large, 
but not yet observed W. of the R. Mts., nor in Alaska; Greenland, Europe. Breeds from 
Labrador northward : migratory through the E. U. S. 
618. A. coo'peri? (To Wm. Cooper.) Cooper's Sandpiper. Bill considerably longer than the 
head, exceeding the tarsus, straight, rather stout, tip scarcely expanded. Feathers extending 
on side of lower mandible scarcely further than those on the upper. "Wings long, pointed, first 
primary decidedly longest ; tertials moderately long and rather slender. Tail moderate, slightly 
but decidedly doubly-emarginate, the central feathers projecting. Tarsus rather longer than 
i the middle toe ; tibia bare for half the length of the tarsus ; toes aU long, slender, and slightly 
