700 SYSTEMA TIC SYNOPSIS. — LAMELLIROSTRES — AN SERES. 
not shorter than head and rising high on forehead ; nail at end distinct, decurved, narrow, 
less than one-third as wide as end of bill ; frontal feathers extending to approximately equal 
distances on top and sides of upper mandible, with a well-marked reentrance between them 
reaching back to about opposite angle of the mouth, those of chin advancing rather farther. 
Nostrils in basal two-fifths of bill (nearly median in F. vallisneria) . Outline of upper man- 
dible gently concave to the decurved nail; sides nearly parallel, or widening toward end (whole 
bill much as in ordinary Anatinee). Tail short, rounded, less than half as long as wing, 
14-16 -feathered. Tarsus less than f (i-f ) as long as middle toe and claw. Head not crested 
or notably puffy (in our species). Head and neck black, brown or chestnut (not green with 
great white patches). Sides and back finely waved with black and white. Lining of wings 
white. Crissum black. Bill blackish, or black and blue. Legs dark. Speculum white or 
gray. (Comprising several species of "black-head" and "red-head" ducks, including the 
"canvas-back"; characters drawn up on consideration of these species; requiring modifica- 
tion, especially as -to color, to include the European F. rujina, by some considered type of 
the genus. Equivalent to Ftdix, Aythya and Aristonetta of Baird, 1858, and apparently sepa- 
rable into three full genera — one for the crested pochards of Europe ; one for the black-heads 
and red-heads together ; and one for the canvas-back alone. The type of Fuligula is said by 
Sundevall to be F. cristata ; in which case Callichen is available for rufina.) 
Analysis of Species. 
Conspicuously crested ; bill and feet red (Fuligula) rxifina 886 
Not crested; bill and feet dark. 
Bill not longer than head, with concave line of culmen, not notably high on forehead ; chord of 
culmen under 2 inches. Nostrils fairly in basal half of bill. (Fidix.) 
Black-heads : cf with head, neck, body anteriorly, lower back, rump, tail and its coverts, black, 
the head glossy; belovr, including lining of wings, white, with fine black waving on sides and 
lower belly ; bill black and blue, or dusky ; feet dark. 9 with head and neck brown, with or 
without white around bill, and other black parts of cf rather brown. {Fulix proper.) 
No ring around neck. 
cf Speculum white ; back and sides finely waved in zig-zag with black and whitish ; bill 
blue, with black nail. 9 with the face white. 
Length about 20.00; wing 9.00 ; gloss of head green marila 720 
Length about 16.00 ; wing 8.00; gloss of head purple affinis 721 
An orange-brown ring round neck of cf . 
Speculum gray ; back nearly uniform blackish ; bill black, pale at base and near end ; 
9 without collar; lores and chin whitish, and ring round eye collaris 722 
Red-heads : cf with head and neck chestnut, in 9 plain brown ; body anteriorly, rump, tail, and 
its coverts, black, in 9 brown ; back, scapulars, and sides finely waved with black and white or 
ashy-white in equal amounts ; speculum gray. Bill blue with black belt at end. Back dis- 
tinctly vermiculated with black on an ashy-white ground (^thyia) americana 723 
Bill longer than head, with scarcely concave culmen rising high on forehead ; chord of culmen over 2 
inches. Nostrils reaching middle of bill. 
Canvas-back : head dark chestnut-brown, much obscured with dusky on top and about bill. 
Silvery- whitish of back prevailing over the black waved lines, which are narrow and much 
broken into chains of dots (Aristonetta) vallisneria 724 
Fuligula. 
886. (addenda.) F. rufi'na. (Lat. rufina, reddish.) Red-crested 'Pochard. Adult ^ : 
Conspicuously crested. Bill vermilion, white-tipped; feet orange-red; eyes brown. Head 
and upper neck rusty-red, with a rosy tint. Lower- and hind-neck, fore-back, breast, and 
middle of belly black. Back grayish -brown, with a large white patch on each side, blacken- 
ing on rump and upper tail-coverts. Tail ashy-gray. Primaries whitish, edged and ti})ped 
with dusky-gray ; speculum and sides of belly white. 9 : Bill dusky with pink ti}), and feet 
pinkish, with dusky webs. Upper parts generally rufous-brown, under parts brownish- 
white, the throat and upper fore-neck whitish ; crown and rump darker than other upper 
parts, the dorsal feathers with pale edges; quills brown, edged and tipped with darker, the 
