742 
SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS.— LONGIPENNES— GAVIuE. 
lighter than the body of the feather, with a well-defined white spot on both webs near the end, 
separated from the white tip by a transverse band of the color of the body of the feather ; second, 
third, and fourth, basal portions notably lighter than the terminal, fading into pure white at 
their juncture with the latter, without spots except at the apex; fifth, sixth, basal portions the 
color of the back, fading into white near the end, separated from the white apices by a band, 
narrowest on the sixth, of the color of the outer primaries. Inner primaries like the second- 
aries, with plain broadly white ends. Feet light flesh-color. Adult in winter : Head, neck, 
and breast thickly nebulated with light grayish- dusky, the throat mostly immaculate. Approach- 
ing maturity : Bill dark-colored, yellowish along the culmen and gonys. Wings and tail light 
grayish-ashy, the former without sharply-defined white tips or spots. Under parts generally 
marked with dusky, the wing-coverts marked with dusky and white. Feathers of the back 
narrowly edged with gray. Intermediate : BiU flesh-colored, the terminal portion black. Wings 
and tail darker than in the preceding especially on the outer webs of the former. Everywhere 
dusky-gray, more or less mottled with white, the gull-blue of the upper parts appearing in 
patches of greater or less extent. Young-of-the-year : Bill black. Everywhere grayish-dusky, 
somewhat mottled with whitish ; the feathers of the back, wings, and upper tail-coverts edged, 
tipped, and crossed with more or less regular transverse bars of grayish-white. Downy young : 
Bill and feet black ; head and neck dull whitish, spotted with blackish ] upper parts spotted 
Mdth grayish-black and grayish-white ; under parts more uniformly gray, the abdomen white. 
Pacific coast of N. Am., of U. S. in winter, breeding northerly ; common. Also on the 
Asiatic coast. 
770a. L. kumlieni. (To L. Kumlien.) Gray-winged GrULL. Adult $ : Like glaucescens ; 
rather smaller, with lighter mantle and different color and pattern of the primaries. Mantle 
about as in leucopterus ; primaries and secondaries mostly white on their exposed surfaces, 
with markings of dull slate-gray. First primary white on both webs at end for about two 
inches, the inner web white to the base excepting a slate-gray strip next the shaft, the outer 
web (except at end) slate-gray fading into white toward the base. Second primary with the 
gray confined to a space of about four inches on the outer web, and both webs tinged with the 
color of the mantle which, on the inner web, fades into white about three inches from the tip, 
but on the outer web is deepest where it joins the darker gray area. Third primary with sub- 
apical gray bar on both webs, half an inch wide on inner web, but running along the outer web 
for two inches ; the tip of this feather white, the rest tinged with the color of the mantle. 
Fourth primary with a slate-gray subterminal bar, but narrower and paler ; fifth with a pair 
of subterminal gray spots ; remaining primaries and all the secondaries plain and concolor Mdth 
mantle to within about two inches of their tips, where the pearl-blue changes rather abruptly 
into white. Iris cream-color; bill yellow with red spot, as usual; orbital ring reddish; feet 
flesh-color. Length 24.00; extent 50.00; wing 16.00-17.00 ; tail 6.50; chord of culmen 1.75; 
gape 2.60 ; tarsus, or middle toe and claw, about 2.30. Young said to be even darker than 
that of argentatus (?) Cumberland Sound and Greenland, S. in winter to New England, the 
citations of ^'■glaucescens " from Maine belonging here. (Description compiled from Brewster, 
Bull. Nutt. Club, viii, 1883, p. 216. The bird is probably L. chalcopterus of Bruch, Lawrence, 
and Coues.) 
771. L. mari'nus. (Lat. marinus, marine). Great Black-backed Gull. Saddle-back. 
Coffin-carrier. Cobb. Adult, breeding plumage : Size very large ; general form strong, 
compact, and powerful. Bill very stout, deep at the angle, rather short for its height; culmen 
toward the end exceedingly convex, so much so as to make a tangent to it at the point where 
the tip of the lower mandible touches it perpendicular to the commissure. Symphyseal emi- 
nence very prominent ; tarsus but little if any longer than the middle toe and claw, compressed, 
rather slender for the size of the bird. Bill bright chrome, the tip of both mandibles diapha- 
nous. A large bright vermilion spot occupies nearly the terminal half of the lower mandible 
