ALCID^ — FHALERIDINJL: PUFFINS. 
803 
claws black. Length 13.50; extent 24.00; wing 6.50; tail 2.25; tarsus 1.00; middle toe 
alone 1.40, its claw 0.40; outer do. 1.40, its claw 0.30; inner do. 1.00, its claw 0.40 (its chord 
— the curve more) ; chord of culmen 2.00, its arc 2.10, the ordinate 0.30 ; depth of bill 1.40; 
gape 1.25 ; gonys 1.45 ; greatest width of bill (at base of nostrils) 0.60; nostrils 0.35. 9 av- 
eraging less than ^. In winter: No colored eye-ring nor appendages of eyelids. Rosette of 
mouth shrunken and pale. Feet orange, not red. Face blackish around eye, the ashy-white 
obscured with dusky. Basal parts of bill membranous and blackish, and whole base of bill 
contracted, the point of the gonys cut off. The following pieces have been shed : 1, the basal 
rim or collar; 2, the nasal case or saddle ; 3, the mandibular case or shoe; 4, 5, the strips at 
base of mandible, one on each side ; 6, 7, the subnasal strips, one on each side ; 8, 9, the pre- 
nasal strips, one on each side (3 symmetrical pieces, 3 paired pieces, 9 in all). Young, first 
fall and winter : Resemble the adults in winter, but bill still weaker and less developed ; the 
plumage is the same, with blackish face. This long kept us in ignorance of the moult of the 
bill, the adults in winter being mistaken for young birds by all authors till Bureau explained 
the case. Inhabits the coasts and islands of the N. Atlantic, breeding in Iceland, Southern 
Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland and S. to Bay of Fundy ; rare in the N. Pacific (Pallas), 
where chiefly replaced by F. corniculata ; replaced od most of the European coast by a smaller 
weaker-billed variety, and in Polar Seas by the larger stouter-billed F. glacialis. In winter, 
ranging or driven south irregularly along most of the U. S. ; not regular beyond New England. 
The moult of the bill as well as of the plumage occurs in August and September, when the 
birds are unable to fiy for a period, and many perish if caught at sea in storms at this time. 
Nest by thousands on coasts and islands, burrowing in the ground like rabbits, to arm's length 
or more. The single egg is laid late in June and in July, on a slight grassy nest at the end of 
the burrow ; in shape rounded ovate, with greatest diameter nearly at the middle ; average size 
2.50 X 1-75 ; shell granular, white or brownish-white, colorless or marked with obsolete 
spots, dots, and scratches of pale purplish, sometimes with a few splashes of pale yellowish- 
brown. Nestlings are covered with blackish down, whitish below from the breast. 
855. F. a. glacia'lis. (Lat. glacialis, icy.) Large-billed Puffin. Specific character of 
F. arctica ; size greater, the bill especially larger, and differently shaped. Protuberance 
of upper eyelid higher and sharper. Bill very deep, rising high on forehead, with very convex 
culmen, dropping nearly perpendicularly at end. Four grooves of upper and three of lower, 
distinct; gonys quite convex. Length 14.50; extent 26.00; wing 7.25; tail 2.25; tarsus 
1.20; middle toe and claw 1.90, outer do. 1.90, inner do. 1.45; chord of culmen 2.40, its arc 
2.60, the ordmate 0.45; depth of bill at base 1.70; gape 1.50; gonys 1.60; greatest width 
of bill 0.65 ; nasal slit 0.45. Polar Seas ; Spitzbergen ; N. Greenland. Not authentic as 
occurring in the U. S. The seasonal changes are in all respects the same as those of 
F. arctica. 
338. LiUN'DA. (Vox barb.) Tufted Marking Puffin. Generic character of Fratercula, ex- 
^ cepting crest, eyelids, and details of bill. A long tuft of feathers on each side of head. Eye- 
P* lids not appendaged. Nostrils very small, linear, marginal. Upper mandible divided into 
distinct but not differently colored compartments ; its base with a deciduous raised rim or 
collar, perforated for the passage of feathers as in Fratercula, but this collar not so prominent, 
and the deciduous smooth basal saddle not so distinctly separated from the ridged part of the 
bill beyond, where are three well marked, widely separated curved grooves, concave forward 
(the reverse of Fratercula). Culmen arched in two separate curves, the basal one sunnounted 
by a prominent widened ridge-pole, ending abruptly, the terminal one sharp, strongly convex 
to the hooked tip of the bill. Lower mandible with the sides perfectly smooth throughout, the 
outline of gonys at first descending, then rounding upward and thence about straight to tip of 
bill ; the base of the mandible with a narrow deciduous border ; ordinarily no evidence of the 
existence of the deciduous shoe of the lower mandible. The parts of the bill moulted are the 
