114 [Assembly 
A slight opening has been made about three-fourths of a mile NNE 
of the Gouverneur mine, between that and the Coal Grove mine. The 
ore is titaniferous and in lumps, and disseminated in the rock. The 
vein is 6 to 12 feet wide. It may perhaps be worked by picking the 
the ore, so as to separate the lumps from the gangue. 
The mines and openings just described are the principal ones on the 
Philips vein, but the ore can be found along almost the whole line.* — 
It follows the crest of the east ridge of the Highlands a distance of at 
least eight miles. The breadth of this vein has been mentioned at dif- 
ferent places from 3 to 30 feet wide. Its average is probably about 
12 feet, and its length, as now known, about 14,000 yards. If the 
mean average of the vein be supposed to be half its bulk of ore, 
every cubic yard will contain about two tons of ore, and would yield 
at least one ton of iron, or each yard in depth would make 66,000 tons 
of iron. The vein, by proper working, can be mined to a mean depth 
of 100 yards, without expense of drainage, more than the proper open- 
ing of adits. We may place the workable produce of this vein above 
the water level of the adjacent valleys at 5,600,000 tons of iron. 
The Cold Spring furnace is the only blast furnace in operation in the 
counties of New- York, Westchester and Putnam. It is supplied with 
magnetic oxide of iron from the Philips mine, the Denney mine in Put- 
nam county, and from the Townsend mine in Canterbury, and the 
O'Neil mine in Warwick, Orange county. These ores are mixed in 
certain proportions and flux each other easily with a small addition of 
the Sing-Sing limestone. The produce of this furnace is from 1,000 to 
1,400 tons of pig iron per annum. 
Bonnel's forge in Philipstown is believed to be the only one in ope- 
ration in the counties under consideration. It is supplied with the shot 
ore of the Stewart mine. 
Economical Geology of Rockland and Orange Counties. 
General Remarks. 
These counties may be classed under four divisions, each of which is 
distinct in aspect and agricultural features, as in its mineral products. 
* The phenomena of the mines in many places induce the idea of igneous injection, con- 
nected with a powerful upheaving force. The feldspar is often pearly, wrinkled, and with 
bent laminae. The appearance of hyalite, a mineral usually associated with volcanic and trap 
rocks; the apparent injection in their veins among the seams and crevices of the rock; the ap- 
pearance of the softening of the gneiss and bending its layers like a flowing slag, seem to point 
to an igneous origin of this vein. It often has the appearance of a bed, and at other times of a 
vein ramifying from a main mass between the strata, and at other times cutting obliquely 
across them, but still having its outcrop parallel to the line of bearing. 
