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I Assembly 
and Smith's clove is a noted example. It is the one through which the 
New- York and Newburgh turnpike passes, without ascending more than 
a few hundred feet. 
The Ramapo river flows through this to the south, while another 
stream, a branch of Murderer's creek, flows in the opposite direction. 
For local details on the rocks of the Highlands of Orange county, ex- 
cept tl^ose near the Hudson, the reader is referred to the descriptive geo- 
logy of that county, by Dr. Wm. Horton, in the appendix to this re- 
port. The land of this region produces tolerable crops where it is ca- 
pable of tillage. It is good grass land. The principal portions of the 
mountain region are used for growing timber and fire wood for the New- 
York market, for furnaces and forges. 
The slate and graywacke region of Orange county is accurately de- 
scribed by Dr. Horton in the appendix to this report. In the general 
direction of dip, it corresponds with the primitive rocks of the High- 
lands, pitching to the southeast, and apparently passing under them. 
The slate rocks lap around the terminating ridges of the primitive rocks 
of gneiss, granite, &c. and continue a greater or less distance up the val- 
leys between the ridges, like water in the bays and re-enterings of a 
coast, but the dip of the strata, with the exception of some local con- 
tortions and transverse upheaves, continues parallel to the general direc- 
tions of the lines of bearing and of dip. This is a rich agricultural re- 
gion, celebrated for its fine grazing and grain farms. 
The red sandstone region of Rockland county is a fine agricultural dis- 
trict. The land is in some parts much broken and stony, but in gene- 
ral it is rolling, with a rich sandy loam, resulting from the disintegra- 
tion of the subjacent sandstone and its associated shales, marls and lime- 
stones. The strata are in general slightly inclined (1° to 3°) to the 
westward, but near the granitic rocks, near Grassy Point, they dip 
southwardly at a considerable angle, ranging from 15° to 45°. This 
rock occupies that portion of Rockland county from Grassy Point along 
the base of the Highlands to New-Jersey, and eastward to the Hudson 
river, but a portion of its area is covered over by trap rocks. 
The trap region of Rockland occupies much less of the surface of this 
county than one would suppose in passing up the Hudson river. It 
forms a narrow belt along the shore of the Hudson, from the New- Jer- 
sey line, to near Haverstraw, where it ranges ofl" to the northwest and 
then west, and finally southwest near the base of the Highlands, where 
