PRINCIPLES OF COLOR. 
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1. Black (lamp-black). 
2. White (Chinese white). 
3. Bed (madder- carmine or deep madder-lake + scarlet- ver- 
milion). 1 
4. Orange (scarlet-vermilion + Schoenfeld's light cadmium). 
5. Yellow (Schoenfeld's light cadmium). 
6. Green (Schoenfeld's light cadmium + Italian ultramarine). 
7. Blue (Italian ultramarine). 
8. Purple (Italian ultramarine 4- madder-carmine). 
9. Gray (lamp-black + Chinese white). 
10. Brown (red + green). 
With these ten elements ninety binary combinations 
may be made, resulting in as many more or less distinct 
colors, the number of which may be increased almost in- 
definitely by varying the relative proportion of the com- 
ponent parts. The following is a list of these combinations, 
together with the names of the resultant colors : — 
a. Modifications of Black. 
11. Black 
+ white 
slate. 
12. 
5> 
+■ red 
seal-brown. 
13. 
>> 
+ orange 
clove-brown. 
14. 
J} 
+ yellow 
dark olive-green. 
15. 
)> 
+ green 
greenish black. 
16. 
» 
+ blue 
bluish black ; indigo. 
17. 
+ purple 
purplish black. 
1 In compounding a purple, the madder-red should be used, and not 
vermilion, while in preparing an orange, the latter should be used and not 
the former. These two reds are necessary, for the reason that they form 
the nearest approach to a pure red among pigments that can be relied on 
for permanence. Neither of them, however, will by itself serve all the 
purposes for which a pure red is necessary, since a pure orange cannot be 
made with the madder-reds, nor a purple with vermilion. Rose-carthame 
or safflorroth (safilower-red) is of the requisite purity, but is said to lack 
permanence. 
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