NOTE. 
The following divisions include two or more of those distinguished on 
the figure : (1) The Upper Parts comprise the entire upper surface, from 
forehead to tail, inclusive, and include also the outer or upper surface of the 
wings. (2) The Lower Parts comprise the entire under surface, from 
chin to lowe?- tail-coverts, inclusive, but do not necessarily include the 
under surface of the wing. The boundary line between the upper and 
lower parts, on the sides of the head and neck, is indefinite, or variable, 
and is usually indicated in each particular case in the description of a bird. 
(3) The Pileum includes the forehead, crown, and occiput. (4) The Fore- 
neck includes the chin, throat, and jugulum. (5) The Sides, in the com- 
prehensive sense of the term, include the flanks as well as the sides proper. 
(6) The Mantle includes the back, scapulars, and outer or upper surface 
of the wings. 
The Crissum is properly that portion between the lower tail-coverts and 
anal region which in the figure is concealed by the primaries. When the 
lower tail-coverts and crissum are different in color, they are then distin- 
guished ; but when they are concolored, they are usually considered 
synonymous, the term crissum being used for the tract itself, and that of 
lower tail-coverts for the individual feathers. 
