192 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTERFLIES. 
(except in Parnassius, Thais^ and Doritis) usually more or less pro- 
duced apically ; subcostal nervure five-branched (except in Farnassius 
and Hypermnestra, where it is four-branched), — the first and second 
nervules given off before extremity of discoidal cell, the fourth and fifth 
branching off about midway between end of cell and apex ; three disco- 
cellular nervules almost always well-developed (but the first very short 
in Sericinus, Thais, and Doritis, and wanting in Parnassiiis), — the third 
so inclined as to look like a continuation of median nervure, and 
making the lower radial nervule appear to be a fourth median nervule ; 
near base, between median and submedian nervures, a transverse interne- 
median nervule in Omitlioiotcra, Papilio, Euryadcs, and Eurycus ; in- 
ternal nervure, running free to inner margin, present in all genera 
except Doritis. Hiiid-iuings usually more or less prolonged in anal- 
angular region, and very often conspicuously tailed on third median 
nervule (extraordinarily so in Leptocircus) ; inner margin hollowed so as 
to leave abdomen perfectly free, and often folded back on itself : precostal 
nervure forked, its lower branch joining costal nervure so as to form 
a small prediscoidal cell (except in Thais, Doritis, and Parnassius, 
where the precostal nervure is simple) ; submedian nervure more or 
less curved ; internal nervure wanting. Legs rather thick (in Papilio 
and EuryciLS long also) ; fore-tibi?e with an elongate process or thick- 
ened spur on the middle of the inner edge ; terminal spurs of middle 
and hind tibiae strong ; tarsi long, their terminal claws large, simple, 
without appendages. 
Ahdomen usually of moderate size and length (very large in Orni- 
thoptcra, and short, thick, and very hirsute in Parnassius and Doritis)] 
anal plates in $ well developed, usually more or less conspicuous (in 
Ornithoptcra and Parnassius spined or hooked at tip) ; in impregnated 
5 of four genera (^Parnassius, Eurycus, Euryades, and Luehdorjia) an 
inferior corneous appendage, variable in form, usually constituting a 
pouch, open posteriorly,-^ 
Larva. — Stout, usually smooth, but sometimes with numerous 
1 It is mainly on account of these singular appendages to the female abdomen that Mr. 
H. J. Elwes, in his very interesting paper "On the Genus Parnassius'' {Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Land., i8S6, pp. 17, 18), has proposed to form a distinct Family, Parnassiidce," of these 
four genera. But when it is considered that this appendage or pouch has been shown (as 
Mr. Elwes fully details in his paper) by Von Siebold and Mr. Arthur Thomson, in the case 
of Parnassius, and by Burmeister in the case of Euryades, to be no structural part of the 
insect, but simply the adhering coagulated and dried condition of a secretion poured out by 
the S during coiius, it seems quite impossible to recognise the "pouch" as a distinctive 
family or even genus character. As regards Euryades, the two species it contains are so 
near Papilio, that probably the Folders would not have separated it from the latter but for i 
the female's possessing the appendage in question. | 
That Parnassius and Doritis are very aberrant forms of the Papilionince is, however, evi- 
denced in all their stages, and more especially in their rounded blunt pupa enclosed in a, 
slight web (and in Parnassius covered with a bluish efflorescence), which is even more like 
those of many moths than those of most of the Hesperidce. But some approach to them is 
afforded by the pupa of Thais, which is also enclosed by a few silken threads ; and although 
their larvae are of unusual form, the presence of the Y-shaped neck tentacle is too close 
and remarkable a link to admit of their severance from the Papilionince. 
