194 
SOUTH-AFRICAlSr BUTTERFLIES. 
while Tcino}Mlpus and Armandia are just on the adjacent northern 
'boundary of the Oriental Region. 
Thais and Doritis are limited in range to the Mediterranean Sub- 
Region, and Litehdorfia to the Siberian eastern shore. 
The Australian Region has one peculiar genus {Euryciis), and the 
Neo~Tropical another {Envy ad cs) ; the African Region has hitherto 
yielded species of Papilio only. 
The Papilionince, though not a very numerous Sub-Family, are 
pre-eminent for their combination of large size, variety of form, and 
richness of colouring. The largest and (with the exception perhaps of 
the ISTymphaline genus Moiylio) most splendid of butterflies are the 
Ornithopterce of the Malayan Archipelago — a few species extend the 
genus to India on the one hand and Australia on the other, — magnificent 
creatures, whose males are velvety-black with crimson-marked thorax, 
long golden-yellow abdomen, and wings banded and patched with 
vivid green (changing into golden or blue in some species) or rich 
yellow, and whose duller whitish-barred and spotted females are even 
larger than their mates, measuring from 7 to inches across the 
expanded fore-wings. The very isolated Papilio Antimaclms of Western 
Africa, though smaller in body, owing to the extraordinary elongation 
of the fore-wings has a still wider expanse, varying from 7T- to 9-^ 
inches. Nearly all the Papilioninx are above the middle size, except 
the genera Thais, Poritis, and part of Parnassius ; and the only 
really small forms are the species of Lcptocircus (exp. i-^ — if inches), 
which make the most of their diminutive stature by the extraordinary 
leniith of their caudate hind-winirs. 
Familiar representatives of the group are the " Swallow- Tails " of 
Europe, P. Machaon (found in England) and P. Podalirius, and the 
beautiful " Apollo " butterflies of the Alps {Parnassius Apollo and P. 
.Dclius.) Nearly all the Papilioninw (except certain protected groups 
of Papilio in South America and Indo-Malaya) are strong on the 
wing, and many are remarkably swift and lofty flyers. Many species of 
the genus Papilio — especially those of the Podalirius group or " Swallow- 
Tails " par excellence — are attracted by the moisture at the margins of 
streams and pools, and observers in tropical regions record with admi- 
ration the often immense assemblages of these lovely insects at such 
drinking stations. 
Genus PAPILIO. 
Papilio, Linn, (part), Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 744 (1767); Fab. Syst. Ent., p. 
442(1775)- 
Papilio, Latreille, " Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., xiv. p. 108 (1805) and Bnc. | 
Meth., ix. p. 9 (18 1 9). I 
Papilio, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 183 (1836). 
Papilio, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 5 (1846). 
Imago. — Head large, clothed with short hair, often with a frontal 
tuft of longer hair ; eyes ovate, very prominent, smooth ; palpi very: 
