200 
SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 
Tlie TuFJE exhibit various shades of green or brown, and many- 
diversities of form. Some of the green ones (in South Africa notably 
those of F. Brasidas and F. Cenea), which are suspended on or among 
leaves, are both in form and colour unmistakably modified to resemble 
the surrounding foliage. The chrysalis of F. Lyceus was discovered by 
Mrs. Barber (vide infra, p. 237) to have a singular faculty of assimi- 
lation to the colour of immediately surrounding objects ; and I have 
found that of F. Demoleus to present the same phenomenon to a less 
extent.^ The chrysalis of the Indian F. dissimilis closely resembles 
a withered twig broken off short. 
Mimicry is well illustrated in this genus. Mr. Bates in 1862 
called attention to several striking cases in South America, — two in 
which species of Fajnlio mimic respectively a Lycorea and a Heli- 
coniuSy and three in which species of Fapilio are themselves mimicked 
by a Euterpe (Fierince), a Cast^iia, and a Fericopis (both the latter 
moths). Mr. Wallace in 1865 tabulated fifteen cases known to him 
in the Indian and Malayan Region, viz., three in which species of 
Papilio imitate species of Danais, three in which they imitate species 
of Euploea, two in which they imitate species of Hestia, and one in 
which a $ form of Fapilio copies a Drusilla (Sub-Family Morphince). 
He also cited six cases in which slow- flying Fapiliones of the Foly- 
dorus and Coon groups are themselves simulated by females of species 
of Fajnlio belonging to other groups of the genus. Africa has not 
hitherto afforded any instances of the last named very curious mimi- 
cries, but it presents some surprisingly exact imitations, of which the 
seven following are known to me, viz. : P. Brutns $ closely copies 
Amaiiris Niavius ; F. Cenea $ in its three pronounced forms copies A, 
Echeria, A. doriiinicanus,^udi Danais Chrysippus ; F. Echerioides $ copies 
A. Echeria ; F. Cynorta $ copies Acrcea Gea $ ; F. Ridley anus $ and 
$ copy Acra^a Egina $ and $ ; F. Zeonidas copies Danais Limniace, 
var. ; ^ and F. Rex copies D. formosa. These deceptive simulations 
are too detailed and exact to admit of their protective purpose being 
misunderstood, more especially in those cases where the $ only is 
concerned, that sex departing in the most startling manner, alike in 
colouring, pattern, and outline, from the facies of the ^, as well as 
from that of its $ congeners in the same group. 
As regards their local distribution, the fifteen known South- African 
species are all found on the South-Eastern Coast. F. Forthaon and 
Colonna do not seem to occur south of Delagoa Bay ; Leonidas extends 
to Zululand ; Corinneus, Morania, Antheus, Folicenes, and Constantinus 
range to Natal ; Eupliranor has been found in Natal, Kaffraria Proper, 
and Transvaal ; Brasidas, Opliidiceplialiis, and Echerioides extend from 
1 Mr. G. F. Mathew {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 176) notes a similar power of 
assuming the colour of the objects to which they may be respectively attached in the chry- 
salides of the Australian P. Urectheus (J^geus). 
2 The very closely allied F. Brasidas imperfectly but obviously mimics Amauris Echeria. 
