2l6 
SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 
larvaB, one already suspended for pupation, the otlier in the stage de- 
scribed as the " second moult " by Captain Harford. Only the former 
of these larvae produced the perfect insect, but I obtained ten butterflies 
from the pupse received. Of these, the dates of pupation of nine being 
on record, I am able to note that the duration of the chrysalis state 
in ISTovember and December varied from twelve to eighteen days. 
These eleven pupse were (with the exception of two on the twigs of the 
food-plant, and one — from the larva that pupated after arrival — attached 
to the side of a box) suspended on the under side of the leaves, the 
tail being fixed at the base of the mid-rib, or, in a few cases, just free 
of the beginning of the leaf, to the short foot-stalk. In this position, 
the difficulty of distinguishing the pupa from the adjacent leaves is 
considerable, as the concavity and depression of the dorsal aspect, 
from the attenuated tail to the prominent and curved thoracic peak 
(which intercepts the view of the blunted head), and the outline of this 
aspect, the resemblance of the four raised dorsal stripes converging at 
the tail to a mid-rib or short foot-stalk, and the slightly darker oblique 
streaks and minute flecks representing the venation, all combine to 
assimilate the pupa to the surrounding foliage in the most deceptive 
manner. 
In my former work on South-African Butterflies, I followed Mr. Q. R. 
Gray in treating this Papilio as an austral form of P. Leonidas, Fab. ; but the 
accession of more material, and the fact of the unmistakable modification of 
F. Brasidas (more especially the ? ) in mimicry of a different Danaine (viz., 
Amauris Echeria) from that imitated by P. Leonidas, have led me to keep the 
two forms apart, notwithstanding their very intimate alliance. The occurrence 
of both Leonidas and Brasidas in Zululand marks up till now (January 1888) 
the southern limit of the former and the northern one of the latter on the East 
Coast; but according to Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, P- 416), the 
two forms both appear in the late Mr. Monteiro's collection, formed in Angola, 
very much farther to the northward on the West Coast. 
Brasidas appears to have rather a limited range in South Africa, not being 
known to me to exist to the westward of King William's Town and East 
London, where Mr. D'Urban reported it to be rare. Colonel Bowker did not 
meet with many examples in the Trans-Kei country ; but on and near the coast 
of Natal and Zululand the butterfly is by no means uncommon, and often 
numerous. I took a good many specimens about D'Urban at the end of 
January and in February 1867 ; they frequent woods and their vicinity, flying 
briskly but not very swiftly, and often visiting Lantana and other flowers. In 
relation to this Papilio^s marked resemblance to Amauris Echeria, Stoll,^ both 
in pattern and outline of wings. I was much interested to see that it was in 
the habit of settling precisely in the way affected by the Amauris, viz., on a 
projecting leaf or twig, with the wings closed and hanging downward, and in 
this exposed position remaining motionless for a considerable time. On more 
than one occasion I have mistaken Brasidas when so posed for Echeria. 
Captain Goodrich's Zululand specimens were captured in October and November 
1886, and January and April 1887, 
See vol. i. pp. 37 and 59; and Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi. p. 507, and note (1869). 
