PAPILIONIN^E. 
227 
by Captain Sandford, E.E. In the left wings of this example the two 
disco-cellular spots of the fore-wing are enlarged and confluent, but the 
terminal streak in cell is almost obsolete, while the spots of the discal 
series, though with diffused edges and somewhat widened inwardly, are 
not enlarged, but smaller than usual. The submarginal spots are all 
but obsolete in the fore-wing and wholly wanting in the hind-wing, — 
and in the latter the transverse bar is widened and diffused inwardly. 
The right wings are normal, except for the absence of the small third 
spot in discal row of fore-wing, and of the first and second spots in 
submarginal row of hind-wing. 
Apart from the two individuals here noticed, I have found Dcmolcus 
to be remarkably constant throughout its wide range as regards both 
pattern and colouring.-^ It exhibits occasionally, however, a variation 
in the transverse bar of the hind-wings, the second division of which 
is often more or less produced along the lower edge of the costal 
ocellus so as partly to enclose the latter, and in one $ (which I captured 
at Kimberley in 1872) does completely so enclose the ocellus by 
uniting with the first spot of the submarginal row immediately beyond 
that marking. 
In size the butterfly seems more impressible by surrounding con- 
ditions, being noticeably smaller in dry upland interior districts than 
near the coast. Some specimens that I took on the wing near Kimberley 
are under 3^ inches in expanse, and Colonel Bowker frequently met with 
dwarfed specimens in Basutoland (one $ that he sent expanding only 
3 in. I lin., and a $ not more than 2 in. 7 lin.), though he informed 
me that others of various sizes up to the ordinary one were to be seen 
in that territory. The largest South- African examples I have noticed 
inhabit the Natal Coast (where the species is remarkably abundant) ; 
but the finest individual I ever measured was taken at Fernando Po 
by Lieut. Bourke, PuK, of H.M.S. Druid, in 1873 ; it expanded 4 in. 
9 hn.^ 
The Indian P. Eritlionius, Cram., is a very near ally of Demoleus ; 
in the fore-wings it scarcely differs, except in the want of the fifth spot 
of the discal series ; in the hind- wings, the transverse bar is much 
broader, and constantly very nearly completely encloses costal ocellus, 
and includes a small additional portion (sometimes, however, isolated) 
between the bases of second and third median nervules, and the dark- 
^ As Oberthiir notes {Etudes cUEnt., liv. iii. p. 14, 1878), specimens of Demoleus occur 
in which all the pale-yellow markings are stained with a dull ochrey-reddish tint. The same 
aberrant stamp of colour has been noticed in Papilio Machaon, and I believe in some other 
congeners with pale-yellow markings. The two or three Demoleus of this unusual tint that 
have come under my notice were all very worn and battered ; and I have conjectured that 
possibly, under certain circumstances, the pale-yellow in aged specimens is changed into the 
dingy-reddish tinge in question. 
^ It is worth noting that in Mr. Bourke's collection (made at many points along tlie 
West African Coast) there were Fernando Po examples of three other species of Papilio, 
which were much larger than the specimens captured on the mainland, viz. , P. Nircus and 
P. Charopiis, both 4 in. 9 lin. across the fore-wings, and P. Merope, slightly over 5 in. 
