PAPILIONIN^. 
241 
of this pupa is seen to be very mucli more bent backward than it is 
in Demoleus. 
Usually pale bluish-green, inclining to yellowish on under surface 
of abdomen, but very variable in tint. Point of dorso-thoracic promi- 
nence, two spots below it (at abdominal base), and edge of abdominal 
lateral angles, creamy-reddish. A row of minute indistinct blackish 
spots on each side of back of abdomen. 
This chrysalis, though usually pale-green, is variable in colouring, 
specimens that I reared near Grahamstown pupating in the same 
wooden box (on the sides) within a day or two of each other, varying 
from that tint to a more or less ochreous-tinged, much duller hue. 
Mrs. Barber was subsequently so fortunate as to observe the extreme 
susceptibility of this pupa to colour influences, as pointed out in her 
paper above quoted. From these most interesting observations it 
appears that the colour of the object on which a larva pupated 
was very closely reproduced in the pupa. Pupse among orange twigs 
were of the ordinary green colour ; others, among half-dried leaves of 
the " bottle-brush," were pale yellowish-green ; one attached to the 
wooden frame of the case was of the yellowish tint of the wood ; and 
another, attached to a part of the frame where wood and purplish- 
brown brick joined each other, was coloured on the under surface like 
the wood and on the upper surface like the brick. The experiment 
of causing a larva to pupate on scarlet cloth had no effect except 
that the ordinary small red spots were brighter than usual; but this 
is not to be wondered at, considering that the environment of these 
insects could never, through endless generations in the past, have 
rendered the assumption of a scarlet colour of any advantage in con- 
cealment.^ 
Colonel Bowker, in 1874, sent me from King William's Town 
four pupae, three of the ordinary green colour, and the fourth (which 
had been purposely placed when changing on the mud-mortar of a 
wall) of a dull greenish-yellow, much clouded dorsally with dull 
creamy ferruginous-grey. These were winter pupae ; two became per- 
fect insects in July (ist and 24th), one on October ist, and the last 
on December 21st. I set three of the butterflies loose in the Museum 
^ A most remarkable instance of pseudo-mimicry recently came to my notice in connection 
with the pupa of this Papilio. In September 1887 I received from the Rev. N. Meeser, of 
George, Cape Colony, a small box containing what I took at the first glance for three 
ordinary green chrysalides of P. Lyoeus. Only one of these objects, however, was a veri- 
table chrysalis, the two others being the seed-capsules of a plant, stated by Mr. Meeser 
to be a species of HaTcca. The tint of green, the general lateral outline (especially the 
bulging ventral convexity of the wing-covers), the projections of the bifid head, the attenu- 
ated form of the posterior abdomen and anal extremity, and even the slight ferruginous 
tips of the projections on the head, are all reproduced in the seed-capsules to a very decep- 
tive extent. The chrysalis was found " in the neighbourhood of a hedge of the Hakea ; " 
and if this plant had been a native of South Africa, it can scarcely be questioned that a 
strong case of mimicry would readily have been admitted by observers. As a recent intro- 
duction from Australia, however, it is clear that the Hakea cannot have been the model for 
the pupa of a Pajpilio of a specially African group. 
VOL. III. Q 
