lO 
SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 
shades of reddish-brown^ deep-brown, or blackish in those enclosed in 
dense cocoons or buried in the earth. The immense majority of butter- 
fly chrysalides are included in the former class, and some of them 
(Nymiphalidoe) exhibit the brilliant golden spots or patches which gave 
origin to the name of chrysalis or aiirdia. But much of the colouring 
of these exposed pupge is protective, closely resembling that of the 
objects to which they may be attached ; and, as has of late been 
discovered, the general tint of different individuals of the same brood 
will, in some kinds, be found to vary (within certain limits) in accord- 
ance with the colour of the objects upon which they assume the pupal 
state.'^ Besides this, there are instances where the form as well as the 
colouring aids in the protective resemblance, as Mr. Mansel Weale and 
I have shown in the case of the South- African Papilio Gmea ; and the 
hirsute chrysalis of D'Urhania amakosa^ already mentioned, appears 
from Mrs. Barber's observations to resemble certain lichens growing 
on the rocks to which it is attached. 
The motions of lepidopterous pupee are very limited, and those of 
butterflies, whose caudal extremity is fixed to a silken attachment, are 
all but motionless. The abdominal segments have, however, consider- 
able freedom of movement in many moths, and such pupae, by the aid 
of a strong caudal spine {mtccro) — and, in some cases, of a series of 
small dorsal spines on the other segments — are able to push themselves 
along, either in the ground or in the hollowed interior of the stems of 
plants. Many display this particular sort of activity when the perfect 
insect is about ready to emerge. 
The structural changes wrought during the chrysalis state of 
quiescence are astonishingly great. The body becomes distinctly 
divided into the three heteronomous portions of head, thorax, and 
abdomen, and covered with scales ; ample wings are developed, also 
covered with scales ; the pro-legs disappear, and the true legs as well 
as the antennae are much lengthened and completely altered in shape. 
The eyes are enormously enlarged and developed ; and while the 
united maxillae and labium are separated and profoundly modified into 
the long spiral sucking-tube (haustelhim) and the under-lip bearing 
well-developed palpi, the large jaws (mandibles) are reduced to the 
merest rudiments. Not less profound are the accompanying internal 
changes, for the thoracic nervous ganglia become approximated and 
united into two masses, while the two basal pairs of the abdominal 
segments are aborted ; the alimentary canal is differentiated into well- 
defined tracts of oesophagus, crop, stomach, &c. ; the silk-glands entirely 
disappear ; the great fat-body (co7yus adiposum) is almost wholly 
absorbed ; and the reproductive organs are fully developed. 
^ One of the most remarkable cases of this kind is that of the pupae of the well-known 
South-African Papilio Nireus, recorded by Mrs. Barber in the Transactions of the Entomo- 
logical Society of London ior 1874, pp. 519-521. The same observer informs me that the 
pupse of Callidryas Florella present quite a parallel case. 
