1 6 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTEEFLIES. 
Erycinidce) ; smooth, granulated, transversely ribbed, downy, or spiny ; 
always with ten pro-legs. Head often horned superiorly; tail some- 
times forked. 
Pupa. — Smooth or granulated, usually more or less angulated : 
head with one more or less acute anterior median projection, or two 
divergent ones ; thorax dorsally prominent or humped ; abdomen often 
dorsally tuberculated, rarely spinose. Attached by the tail to a silken 
web, and either hanging free vertically or braced horizontally or at an 
angle by a silken girth. Not enclosed in any cocoon or covering 
(except in a few Papilionidce and the HesperidcB generally, which are 
partly enclosed in a leaf drawn together by silken threads, and certain 
Satyrince and Lyccenidce which are hidden in the ground). 
I. Distinctive Characters of Rhopalocera. 
In the diagnosis of the Sub-Order given above, the more promi- 
nent characters distinguishing Butterflies are, in the perfect insect, the 
long-jointed and clubbed antennae ; the absence of stemmata or simple 
eyes, of retinacidum, or retaining ring and bristle,^ and of transverse 
or reticulated neuration in the wings ; and the want (except in one 
Family) of a second pair of spurs on the tibiae of the hind-legs. There 
do not appear to be any points of structure in the larv« or pup^ 
which are not discoverable among those of the Sub-Order Heterocera ; 
although it is quite an exception to find any pupa of a Moth angulated, 
freely exposed, or suspended by caudal and median silken attachments, 
like those of nearly all Butterflies.^ 
There are, however, some secondary characteristics of Butterflies 
which are worth noting, although not absolutely peculiar to them. 
The first of these is the distinctness or definition of the colouring and 
marking of the under side of the wings, which usually displays an 
entirely different pattern from that of the upper side, and is often more 
elaborate in decoration, and sometimes more brilliant and varied in 
hues. The second, which is evidently in close relation to the first, is 
the almost universal habit of holding the wings vertically when at rest, 
by which attitude the under side of those organs is (often for a long 
1 Blanchard employed the presence or absence of this character, in naming his two 
divisions of the Lepidoptera respectively Chalinoptera {=IIeterocera or Moths), and Achali- 
noptera { = Rhopalocera or Butterflies). 
^ Until recently I was not aware that any Moth chrysalis existed which was attached ly 
the tail only, in the manner so frequent among Butterfly chrysalides, but this case has 
occurred to me (August 1884) in rearing what I believe to be an aberrant member of the 
Tortrices from larvae tunnelling the woody receptacle of Protea melUfera. The larva was of 
the ordinary sub-cylindrical form, but the pupa was in appearance intermediate between the 
Lyceenid and Hesperid types, and, to my astonishment, was attached horizontally to the lid 
of a breeding-cage by the tail only, quite in the manner of several species of Lyccenidce. The 
three larvae I had all assumed the pupal state in this position, but only one imago was pro- 
duced. The stout, thick pupa, alike in colour, size, and shape (except for a small pointed 
projection on the front of the head) nearly resembled that of Thecla Lynceus as figured by 
Duponchel {Iconogr. Chen., pi. viii. fig. 31). 
