46 
SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTEEFLIES. 
given above, a characteristic point in the neuration of the wings in | 
this Family is the presence or absence of the lower disco-cellular nervule ' 
in the hind-wings, according to which the discoidal cell is closed or 
open. This nervule is well developed throughout all the Sub-Families 
except the Nym'plialina:^ in which the majority of the genera has the 
cell quite open, though in many others the closing nervule is distinctly 
or feebly exhibited. 
Three of the six Sub-Families, viz., the DanaincE^ Acrceinm^ and 
ITeliconince, are readily distinguished from the rest by their elongated , 
body and wings. In the Heliconide Danainm of South America and I 
in the Heliconince of the same region, which possess this elongation in 
its greatest development, the antenn83 are also, in general, very long. 
The DanaincB present an apparently constant distinction in the internal 
nervure of the fore-wings, which is very slender and short, and, instead 
of having a free course to the inner margin, as in the Fapilio7iince, 
ends by anastomosing with the immediately superior submedian ner- 
vure.-^ The AcTceince differ from the Heliconince in their much narrower 
head, thicker palpi, shorter and more abruptly clavate antennae, shorter 
wings, and usually much longer discoidal cell of the hind-wings. All 
these three Sub-Families are also characterised by the small develop- 
ment of the thorax, which is much shorter and narrower than in the 
Nymphalinw and Brassolince — in this respect resembling that of the 
Satyrince. 
The Brassolincv, which are confined to South America, are singular 
among the Nymphalidw in possessing in the hind-wings a small pre- 
discoidal cell, formed (as in the Fapilionince) by the junction of the 
lower branch of the precostal with the costal nervure. The principal 
differences between the NymphcdincB and Scdyrinm are that the former 
have generally a more robust structure, especially as regards the size 
of the thorax and the thickness and rigidity of the wings ; their palpi 
are more porrect, and clothed with scales more than with hairs ; the 
fore- legs of the male are better developed ; and the discoidal cell of 
the hind-wings is usually open or but imperfectly closed. 
When we turn to the Larvm and Pupm of the several Sub-Families, 
we do not find that the differences among them are such as to make 
the divisions founded upon them correspond closely with the groups 
formed from the characters of the perfect insects, but there is never- 
theless very considerable agreement between the two arrangements. 
Thus the Danaince larvae difier from all the rest in having the skin 
smooth, with simply a few pairs of thread-like tentacles or two rows of 
small tubercles ; while the pupas are very round, short, and smooth, 
with a blunt head. The Satyrince larvae are attenuated towards the 
hinder extremity, which is usually bifid or forked, and their skin is set 
with a stiff sparse clothing of extremely short hairs ; their head is 
^ The same arrangement of the internal nervure recurs in some of the more robust genera 
of Picrince, such as Hebomoia, Eronia, Ccdlidryas, &c. 
