47 
usually rounded, but sometimes more or less cleft superiorly, and 
occasionally furnished with a pair of spines or horns. The pupas are 
more elongate than those of the Banainoe, but still thick and rounded, 
only a few of them exhibiting any approach to angular prominences. 
In these characters, however, the earlier states of the Satyrince very 
much resemble not only those of the Brassolincc, but also those of the 
large and important portion of the Nymplialince represented by the 
genera Apatura, Char axes, &c. The rest of the Nymphalince agree 
with the Hcliconinm and Acrwinm in the larvge being thickly set with 
branched or bristled spines, but only a portion of the first-named group 
have the head armed with spines as well as the rest of the body. The 
pupas are elongated in both Heliconinm and Acrwinm ; they appear to 
be almost without angles in the former, and are only bluntly angulated 
in the latter ; but those of the Nymphalinm with spinose larvae are 
much thicker, more curved abdominally, and prominently angulated, 
with the head strongly bifid. 
The Family Nymphalidas is better represented in South Africa 
than any other, thirty-five genera being recorded, comprising 1 1 8 
known species. The Sub-Family Nymphalinm is by far the richest, 
including five more genera (20) and four more species (61) than 
those of the three other Sub-Families combined. The Satyrince 
follow with nine genera and twenty-nine species, and after them the 
Acrminm with four genera and twenty-four species, while the Danaince 
present only two genera and four species. With respect to the last, it 
should be remarked that their very small number does but reflect the 
poverty with which the Danainm are represented in Africa generally, 
only fourteen species belonging to three genera being known from the 
whole Ethiopian Kegion. This paucity of forms is the more singular 
because these African JDanaina^ are unquestionably protected species, 
and no less than nine of the fourteen are known to be the direct objects 
of mimicry by butterflies of other groups. Even more striking, how- 
ever, is the scarcity of the Acrmincc to the eastward of Africa, only 
three species being known from the entire Oriental Eegion, and only 
two from the Australian Eegion ; but not one of these five species is, 
so far as I am aware, the object of mimicry, whereas numerous cases of 
this occur among the African, and some among the American Acrceinm. 
Sub-Family i.— DANAINM. 
Danaides and Heliconides (part), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 165 (1836). 
Danaidoi and Heliconidce (part), Doubl. and Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., 
i. pp. 84, 96 (1847). 
Danaince, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, j^- 220; 1864, p. 176. 
Imago. — Head of moderate size, or rather small ; eyes oval, pro- 
minent, naked ; palpi slender, short, divergent, rising but little above 
