48 
SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 
forehead, clothed with scales and beneath also with hairs — terminal joint ! 
very small and short ; antennm rather thick, very gradually clavate, ! 
rather short, or of moderate length in the Old- World genera, but long 
or very long in the South- American genera. Thorax rather short and 
narrow. Fore-wings elongate, and usually produced in apical portion : 
discoidal cell always elongate, closed ; upper radial nervule united to, 
and often apparently continuous of, subcostal nervule — the 1st disco- 
cellular nervule being obsolete ; lower radial in several New- World 
genera penetrating discoidal cell; subcostal nervure 5 -branched — the 
1st nervule branching off" at some distance before the extremity of the 
discoidal cell, and sometimes anastomosing with the costal nervure ; in- 
ternal nervure very slender and short, uniting with submedian nervure 
at a little distance from base. Hind-iuings large, obovate, more elongate 
in the New- World genera ; discoidal cell usually rather elongate, 
closed ; costal nervure short, sometimes joined to subcostal nervure for a 
little distance from base ; radial nervule usually appearing more associ- 
ated with the subcostal than with the median nervure, and in several 
New- World genera penetrating discoidal cell ; internal nervure well 
developed and terminating at, or a little before, anal angle; inner 
margin convex near its origin, but not channelled completely so as to 
receive abdomen. Middle and hind legs rather long and thick ; tibiae 
spiny, with terminal spurs of moderate size. Fore-legs yqyj small and 
short ; the tarsi in the male reduced to one joint (or rarely two), in the 
female usually to four joints, and without any claws. 
Abdomen elongate, slender, but usually thickened towards extremity; 
very long in the South -American genera. 
Larva. — Moderately stout, smooth, somewhat attenuated towards 
the head, with two or more pairs of long fleshy dorsal filaments, or 
with two rows of small tubercles. 
Pupa. — Short, stout, rounded, smooth ; somewhat constricted at 
junction of thorax and abdomen. Often wholly golden, or with golden 
spots and lines. 
The Butterflies of this Sub-Family are well characterised by their 
long abdomen and fore-wings, very gradual clavation (in the genus 
Hestia all but obsolete) of the antennse, very small palpi, and slender 
internal nervure anastomosing with the submedian nervure of the fore- 
wings. As mentioned above in the notes on the Family Nymphalidce, 
the atrophy of the fore-legs attains an extreme degree in the males of 
some of the New- World genera, tibia and tarsus together being repre- 
sented by a single small thick joint ; but it is also very well marked in 
those of the Old World ; and it is to be noted that the same limbs in 
the female are often better developed and with more distinct tarsal arti- 
culations among those South- American genera whose males exhibit the 
extreme atrophy mentioned, than in the case of other (especially Old- 
World) genera, where the male fore-legs are not so greatly reduced. 
The males of many species of Danais and Eujploea present conspicuous 
