49 
secondary sexual characters in tlie form of small vesicular sacs, or of 
smooth differently-scaled streaks or patches on the wings ; and several 
of the latter genus have the inner margin of the fore-wings greatly 
expanded convexly, so as to cover a considerable space of the hind- 
wings, and the two opposed surfaces are smooth and glistening, and 
coated with scales of different form from those clothing the wings 
generally. I believe that the peculiar tufted organs protruded from 
the extremity of the abdomen by many species of these two genera, 
as well as of Amauris, Lycorea, and Ituna, are also peculiar to the 
male. 
The South- American (Heliconioid) forms of Danaince are more 
specialised, and depart farther in structure and appearance from the 
other groups of Nymphalidm and of butterflies generally, than the Old- 
World forms. In such genera as Mcchanitis and Melincea^ the elonga- 
tion of antennee, wings, and abdomen is extraordinary ; and it is 
scarcely less in Methona, Athesis, and ItJiomia, which are rendered of 
even more remarkable aspect by the great (in many Ithomice almost 
entire) transparency of their wings. The neuration of their hind- 
wings exhibits many peculiarities, particularly that of the crowding 
together of the costal and subcostal nervures (with the branches of the 
latter) close to the costa ; and in a good many cases the arrangement 
of the disco-cellular and radial nervules differs considerably in the sexes 
of the same species. 
The maximum of size in the Sub-Family is attained by the species 
of the very remarkable Oriental and Austro-Malayan genus Hestia — 
semi-transparent white or greyish butterflies, strongly veined and 
spotted with black — some of which expand over six inches across the 
fore-wings. Many of the Euploece from the same region are also of 
large size, and nearly all the species of Danais are butterflies of con- 
siderable stature. 
Conspicuous rather than brilliant colouring prevails throughout the 
group, the bands and spots being usually in strong contrast to the 
ground-colour ; but many of the Euplmm have a splendid purple-blue 
gloss over their dark-brown white-spotted wings. There are few, if 
any, instances of marked disparity in the colouring of the sexes. The 
head and thorax throughout the Old- World forms, and in many 
of those characteristic of the Neo-Tropical Eegion, are spotted with 
white. 
Africa, as stated above, is singularly poor in Danaina\ The great 
Eastern genus Uujjlcea only reaches the edge of the region in two 
species inhabiting the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. One of 
these, U. Goudotii, Boisd., was recorded as having occurred in Zululand, 
a specimen ticketed with that locality having been presented to the 
British Museum by Dr. (afterwards Sir) Andrew Smith ; but no South- 
African example has since been m.et with, and it is almost certain that 
the habitat assigned to Dr. Smith's specimen was a mistaken one. 
VOL. I. D 
