i86 
SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. 
downward direction, so as to reacli hind-margin at some little distance 
below the fourth branch. Hind-ivings : broad and rounded, often i 
angnlated at extremity of third median nervule, or produced at anal , 
angle ; costa always markedly convex next base, and often much arched 
throughout ; hind-margin more dentated than in fore-wings, often 
scalloped, sometimes bearing more or less pronounced processes or 
" tails " on third and first median nervules ; inner margins strongly 
convex from base to beyond middle, and meeting to form a deep groove 
nsnally completely covering under side of abdomen ; discoidal cell 
short, often qnite open, bnt more commonly imperfectly closed by a 
very thin or interrupted lower disco-cellular nervule ; costal nervure 
long, extending to apex ; internal nervure strongly developed, usually 
extending to beyond middle, and sometimes to a point not far from 
anal angle. Forc-lcgs of $ very slender, short, more or less hairy, 
especially tibia and tarsus, which are often very densely fringed ; 
tarsus one-jointed, rather thickened at tip ; those of the $ rather 
larger, less hairy or even smooth, with the tarsus indistinctly articu- 
lated and shortly spinose beneath; Middle and Jdnd legs rather long 
and stout ; tibige and tarsi almost always more or less spinose ; the 
latter particularly so on the under side. 
Abdomen short (never more than three-fourths the length of inner 
margin of hind-wings, usually about half, and often still less), deep at 
base, compressed laterally, and acuminated posteriorly. 
Larva. — Spiny generally, with segmental incisions constricted ; 
or slightly rugose, with horns or spines on head only, and with the 
middle part thicker than the rest of the body. 
Pupa. — Short and stout, abdominal portion generally much curved; 
commonly with head and thorax more or less angulated, and back of 
abdomen tuberculated. 
The butterflies of this Sub-Family are well distinguished from other 
NymphalidcG by their robust structure generally, only Morplio and some 
allied genera (treated as a distinct Sub-Family by some authors) ex- 
hibiting in their feeble organisation, as well as in the more reduced 
fore-legs, and in the characters of the larvas, an approximation to the 
Satijrinm, The prominent scaly palpi, long and strong antennse, 
broad wings, and stout spiny middle and hind legs, are striking and 
characteristic features of the Nymphcdince, no less than the deep groove 
or channel formed by the dilated inner margins of the hind -wings, 
and the usually open or imperfectly-closed discoidal cells of both 
wings. The first pair of legs, though much reduced, is not nearly so 
atrophied as in the Danainm or Satyrince (especially in the ^), being 
always easily observable and better developed than in the Acrceince. 
The wings are densely scaled in almost all the genera, and no instance 
of a transparent-winged species is known. 
It is to the Nym'phcdinoc^ numbering nearly two thousand species, 
or almost as many as all the rest of the Nymplialidm put together, 
