NYMPHALINiE. 
203 
separated as distinct the very closely allied form inhabiting those countries 
under the name of P. Kersliawii. This form chiefly differs from ordinary 
Cardui in having three or four of the discal black spots on the upper side of 
the hind-wings centred with blue ; it is also smaller and darker on the under 
side. 
I have not traced the extreme northern range of P. Cardui ; but Herrich- 
Schaeffer mentions Lapland as one of its European localities, and Doubleday 
(who noticed the butterfly by " tens of thousands " in the United States) gives 
Hudson's Bay in North America. Regarding the Australian P. Kersliawii as 
distinct, the Cape of Good Hope is Cardui's southern limit. Eastward and 
westward the butterfly appears to encircle the globe, being as much at home in 
California as in Algeria, Eastern Asia, and the Sandwich Islands. 
Instead, then, of giving the customary list of " localities," it will be suffi- 
cient to note that Pyrameis Cardui inhabits all the world except the Arctic 
and Antarctic Regions, South America proper, Australia, and New Zealand, 
and that it is not only to be found, but is usually numerous, in every part of 
South Africa. 
Genus EUREMA. 
Eiirema, E. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 192 (1848). 
Hypajiartia, Hlibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., vol. i. index (? 1806). 
Pyrameis (part), Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i, p. 11 7-1 18 (1862). 
Imago. — Differs but little from Pyrameis, Hiibn. Antennm longer ; 
palpi more ascendant, not convergent at tips, with terminal joint shorter 
and blunter. Fore-wings with longer costal nervure, and (usually) 
longer middle disco-cellular nervule. Hind-ivings with the projection 
on hind-margin at extremity of third median nervule very miarked, 
forming a shorter or longer " tail ; " the projection at extremity of first 
median also usually marked, though less so than the other ; rarely a 
third sharp projection at extremity of second median ; anal angle more 
or less prominent. 
Larva. — As in Pyrameis, but thicker {E. Hippomene, Hlibn., drawn 
by Mrs. Barber). 
Pupa. — More angulated than in Pyrameis, resembling that of 
Vanessa Po and V. polyehloros ; head deeply bifid, the projections very 
acute ; marginal prothoracic ridge with two acute projections ; tubercles 
of two latero-dorsal rows on abdomen elongated into short, acute, broad- 
based spines, inclining anteriorly (P. Hip)p)omene, Hiibn. ; specimen 
received from Mrs. Barber). 
The butterflies referred to Eicremct are barely separable from Pyra- 
meis, and Doubleday has himself {loc. cit.) recorded how very closely 
they are allied to the Oriental genus Laogona. Out of eleven recorded 
species, seven are American, and the remainder are confined to the 
Ethiopian Region. The two South- African species are in pattern and 
marking very lil^e the Atalanta section of Pyrameis, but they are 
smaller insects, and the bands are ochre-yellow instead of scarlet or 
fulvous-red. The tailed hind-wings, however, give them a peculiar 
