('351 ) 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE A. 
WING NEURATION AND OTHER STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF BUTTERFLIES. 
1. In this Plate the neuration of the fore-wing and hind-wing of butterflies of each Family 
and Sub-Family found in Southern Africa is represented, as are also the head and legs of some 
of them. 
The species here illustrated have been purposely selected as the commouest and most easily 
procurable among the more characteristic representatives of the several groups, with the 
exception of Libythca Lams (fig. 5), which is the only South African member of its Family, 
and Rhopalocampta Kdtldoa (fig. 9), which from its large size afforded more convenience of 
illustration than the commoner small species of HesiJei'idae. 
The figures of wing neuration are in every case of the natural size. Those of the head are 
all somewhat magnified, except fig. 8a {Pa^yilio Dcmoleus) and tig. 9A [Rlio2'>alocampta Keithloa). 
The figures of the legs are all of the aiatural size excei^t fig. iB, a' {Danais Chrysi]ppus), which is 
considerably enlarged. 
The species representing the several Families and Sub-Families are the folloAving, viz. : — ■ 
Family Nymphalid^ — 
Sub-Family Davaince 
, , Satyrince 
,, Acrceince 
., Nymphalince 
Family Ertcinid^ — 
Sub-Family Libythceince 
Family LYC^NlDiE . 
,, Papilionid^ — 
Sub-Family Pieriiice . . Fig. 7. Pieris HeJlica. i 
Papilionince . . Figs. 8, 8a, 8b. Papilio Demolens. S 
Family Hespekid^ . . . ,,9, 9A. Rhopalocampta Keithloa. 9 
The sign 6 denotes the male, the sign ? the female. 
2. In the figures of WiNG Neuration, the letter and numbers attached to a particular 
nervure and its nervules (or branches) are uniform throughout, and apply to both fore and hind 
wings. In fig. 8 {Papilio) advantage has been taken of its large size to add the names of the 
various marginal parts and chief areas of the wiugs, such as base, costa, hirid-marfjin, discoidal 
cell, &c., which apply to all butterflies alike. The names of the uervures and nervules, and the 
letters and numbers indicating them, are as follows, viz. : — 
aa. Costal nervure. Simple, without nervules. ^ 
b. Subcostal nervure : bi, b2, bs, b4, b5, subcostal nervules. There are usually five sub 
costal nervules in tlie fore-tving, but sometimes (see tig. 6) four only, or more rarely 
(see tig. 7) three nervules. In the hind-iviny there are invariably only two subcostal 
nervules. 
ci, c2. Discoidal or radial nervules. These nervules are held to be persistent branches of 
a discoidal nervure traversing the discoidal cell, still found in many moths {Hete- 
rocera) but wanting in all butterflies, except for a trace or rudiment in rare instances 
at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell (see figs, i and 9). There are two of 
these nervules in the fore-wing, but only one in the hind-tving. The latter is, how- 
ever, badly developed or wanting altogether in the Family Hesperidce (see fig. 9). 
d. Median nervure: di, d2, d3, median nervules. There is no variation in the number of 
. these nervules. 
e. Submedian nervure. Simple, without nervules. . .. - > 
f. Internal nervure. Simple, without nervules. This short nervure is usually wanting in 
the fore-tving. When present it usually terminates (see Danais, fig. i ; and Libythea, 
fig- S) by junction with the submedian nervure. In Papilio (fig. 8) it is best 
developed, and terminates independently on the inner-margin. In the hind-wing it 
is usually much more prominent, and always independent, terminating at some point 
on the inner margin ; but in Papilio it is altogether wanting, 
gi, g2, g3. Disco-cellular nervules. These short transverse or oblique nervules connect 
the discoidal or radial nervules with each other, and also with the subcostal and 
median nervures (or one of their nervules) respectively above^and below them. In 
the fore-wing the first (upper) nervule is generally very short, and sometimes (as iu 
Pieris, fig., 7) absent entirely, the first (upper) discoidal , or- radial nervule being 
directly united with the subcostal nervure ; while the third (lower) nervule is some- 
Figs. I, I A, IB. Danais Chrysippus. S 
,, 2, 2A. Pseudonymp)ha Sabacus. 
,, 3, 3A. Acrcm Horta. $ 
Fig. 4. Pyranieis Car did. 6 
Figs. 5, SA. Libythea Laius. 9 
,, 6, 6a. Lyccena Asteris. S 
1 The base of this nervure, in common with that of the median and submedian nervures in some 
genera, is in many Sati/rince and some Nymi)halimti swollen or inflated (See fig. 2, aa) iu the fore-wing 
only. 
: i J ^ TT T U ri H ;• T/ * ..I x» SU.» \ O \' • .-r - 
