82 THE FRESH-WATER LOCHS OF SCOTLAND 
the lochs. [In meadows at the head of Loch Ken and near 
Carlingwark Loch. — J. M'A.] 
Carex paniculata, L., VIL Forms large tussocks and occupies a 
considerable area of deep bog at the west end of Otterston 
Loch. [VI., Dowalton Loch.— J. M'A.]. 
Carex aquatilis, Wahl., I., II., IV., VII. Both the small and the 
large lowland forms {elatior^ Bah.) are sometimes very 
abundant ; at the head of Loch Ken specimens over 6 feet 
high were observed. 
Carex Goodenovii, Gay, L, II., IV., V., VI., VIL V\^idely 
distributed and often very abundant about the shores of both 
lowland and sub-alpine lochs ; on drier parts of the shores of 
the latter very dwarf forms are frequent. 
Carex flava, L., I., III., IV., V., VI., VII. The type and its 
varieties are frequent upon the shores of lochs, but seldom in 
abundance. 
Carex flacca, Schreh., II., IV., VIL Not uncommon ; chiefly about 
lowland lochs, where it is occasionally very abundant. Tall 
and dwarf specimens occur. 
Carex flacca, Sckreh., var. stictocarpa, Druce, III., IV., V., VI., VII. 
Scattered specimens are frequent, but it seldom occurs in any 
abundance. 
Carex binervis, Sm., I., IV., VI. On boggy, peaty shores; usually 
scarce. 
Carex filiform is, I., IV., V., VI. Frequent and abundant at 
the margins of alpine and sub-alpine lochs, where it is some- 
times the only abundant species of this genus, and takes the 
place of C. rostrata. 
Carex hirta, L., VII. Not general about lochs, but it grows in 
abundance on the exposed sandy shores of Loch Leven, where, 
in common with several other plants, it assumes a dwarf 
habit, growing only from 4 to 8 inches out of the sand. -It 
grows there much after the manner of Carex arenaria on the 
sandy seashore, and, like it, binds the sand with its long 
scaly rhizomes. 
Carex rostrata, Stol^es, I., II., IIL, IV., V., VI., VIL Probably the 
most abundant and dominant plant of all at the margins of 
lochs, in either peaty or non-peaty water up to 24 inches deep. 
By its large and rapid growth, a considerable amount of 
detritus is thrown down annually ; it is therefore a most 
important plant in converting shallow places about lochs into 
terra firma. 
Carex vesicaria, L., I., IV. Similar in habit to C. rostrata, but it is 
not so robust and requires less water. It is not nearly so 
