538 THE FEESH-AVATER LOCHS OF SCOTLAND 
quantity of water diverted to marginal lakes is nearly constant 
throughout any period of long duration, though it may vary from 
year to year. A permanent change in the size of the lake could not 
result from this. Moreover, in one case at least, the river, the 
marginal lakes, and the terminal lake all expanded, anrl later con- 
tracted, in unison. 
Bojante-kul, to the north of Lob-Nor, about 130 feet below sea- 
level, lies in the Turfan or lAikchun depression, a strip of land about 
200 miles long by 50 miles broad. It is probably the remnant of a 
much larger lake which received the waters from the glaciers of the 
Eastern Thian-Shan Mountains during a past epoch. 
Pangong (or Pankgong) Lake is the largest and the lowest of a 
series of five lakes all lying at nearly the same altitude, about 14,000 feet 
above sea-level, and separated only by deltas two or three miles wide, 
like that of Interlaken in Switzerland. The five lakes are really one, 
which has been divided into parts by the deposits of tributary streams, 
and they may be regarded as occupying a single basin with a length 
of 105 miles, a maximum breadth of 4 miles, and an average breadth 
of only 2 miles. Drew ^ and others ascribe the formation of the lakes 
to the damming back of the original drainage by fan-deltas, and hold 
that its waters formerly drained to the Shyok, a tributary of the 
Indus. On the other hand, Ellsworth Huntington,^ who visited the 
region in May 1905, believes that there must be a rock lip which 
blocks the outlet, and that the basin behind the lip has been eroded 
by ice, resembling in this way the fiords of Norway and the valley 
lakes of Switzerland. He is of opinion that the streams that formed 
the fan-deltas were quite incapable of obstructing the main stream 
of the valley, which must have had a considerable volume. There is 
abundant evidence of glacial action in the vicinity of the lake, and 
lacustrine deposits and shore-lines indicate fluctuations in lake-level 
in response to changes in climatic conditions. During Huntington's 
visit the ice broke up under the influence of a very strong wind, and 
part of it was piled up on shore in a ridge 8 or 10 feet high. The 
sandy beach had been pushed up by the ice, and flat stones moved so 
as to add to the mounds of loose earth and stones and furrows of more 
cohesive shore-deposits which lie parallel to the water's edge and form 
a rampart^ from 6 inches to a foot in height round the lake. By 
1 Drew, The Jummoo ami Kashmir Territories, p. 317, London, 1875. 
^ See Journ. of Geology, vol. xiv. p. 599, 1906. 
^ G. K. Gilbert, in a paper in the Bulletin of the Sierra Club (Jan. 1908), dis- 
cusses the phenomenon of lake ramparts, which is one of considerable interest 
in connection with ice problems. On the shores of many lakes in the Sierra 
regions, as also on the shores of Canadian lakes, and of those in some other 
parts of North America and in parts of Northern Europe, rows of boulders of 
various sizes up to a diameter of several feet occur, sometimes forming a low 
