TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page 
Foreword jii 
Preface v 
Chapter 1: External Anatomy, Reproduction and Distribution 
1.1 External Features 1 
1.2 Physiology of Reproduction 2 
1.3 Present Distribution of European Hamsters in Europe 2 
Chapter 2: Anatomy of the Head 
2.1 Bones of the Skull 17 
2.2 Facial Skeleton 17 
2.3 Nasal Cavity 17 
2.4 Nasopharynx 18 
2.5 Vomeronasal Organs 18 
2.6 Paranasal Cavity 19 
2.7 Oral Cavity 19 
2.8 Lips 19 
2.9 Cheeks 20 
2.10 Palate 20 
2.11 Gums and Tongue 20 
2.12 Teeth 21 
2.13 Salivary Glands 21 
2.14 Mandibular Gland 22 
2.15 Sublingual Gland 22 
2.16 Parotid Gland 22 
2.17 Zygomatic Gland 23 
2.18 Neurocranium and Brain 23 
2.19 Hypophysis 23 
2.20 Orbital Adipose Tissue 24 
2.21 Lacrimal Apparatus 24 
2.22 Lacrimal Gland 24 
2.23 Accessory Lacrimal Gland 24 
2.24 Nasolacrimal Duct 25 
2.25 Cranial and Facial Vascularization 25 
2.25.1 Arteries 25 
2.25.2 Venous Drainage of the Skull and the Ophthalmic Plexus 25 
Chapter 3: Cervical Region 
3.1 Cervical Skeleton 65 
3.2 Topography of the Ventral Cervical Region 65 
3.3 Pharynx 66 
ix 
