Clinical Anatomy of the European Hamster 
thorax — continued 
cardiaca), 88 
limits of 
apex, cranial {apertura cranialis), 85 
opening, caudal {apertura thoracis cau- 
dalis), 85 
lungs (pulmo), 94-96 
mediastinum, 88-93 
dorsal, 92, 93 
esophagus, 93 
lymphatic tissue, 92, 93 
ventral 
great vessels, 90, 91 
heart (cor), 89, 90 
nerves, 92 
thymus and lymphatic tissue, 91, 92 
muscles, 86 
intercostal 
external (mm. intercostales externi), 
86 
internal (mm. intercostales interni), 
86 
levator es costarum, 86 
pectoral 
deep (m. pectoralis profundis), 86 
caudal transverse (pars trans- 
versus), 86 
cranial descending (pars de- 
scendens), 86 
superficial (m. pectoralis superficial- 
is), 86 
pericardum, sac (cauum pericardium), 87, 88 
pleura, 87, 88 
cervical (pleura ceruicalis or cupula pleu- 
rae), 87 
costal (pleura costalis), 87 
cupula pleurae, see pleura, cervical 
diaphragmatic (pleura diaphragmatica), 
87 
mediastinal (pleura mediastinalis), 87 
parietal (pleura parietalis), 87 
visceral (pleura visceralis), 87 
pleural sacs, 87 
intermediate (cavum pleurae intermedi- 
um), 87 
left (cauum pleurae sinistrum), 87 
right (cairum pleurae dextrum), 87 
pleural sinuses 
costodiphragmatic (recessus costodia- 
242 
phragmaticus), 88 
costomediastinal (recessus costomedia- 
stinalis), 88 
respiration, 85 
ribs, (costae), 85 
angle of (angulus costae), 86 
spinal column (columna vertebralis), 85 
sternum, 85 
xiphoid process of (processus xiphoideus), 
85 
thymus, 91 
vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae), 86 
kyphosis of, 86 
processes 
articular (processus articularis), 86 
spinous (processus spinosus), 86 
thymus and related lymphatic tissue, 91 , 92 
see also gland, thymus 
thyroid and parathyroid glands 
see gland, thyroid and gland, parathyroid 
thyroxin, 69 
tissue, adipose, orbital (corpus adiposum orbitae), 
24 
tongue (lingua), 20, 21, 29,45 
body of (corpus linguae), 21 
frenulum (frenulum linguae), 20, 21, 22 
median sulcus (sulcus medianus linguae), 21 
papillae (papillae linguales), 21, 48 
root (radix linguae), 21, 22 
sublingual carunculae (carunculae sublingu- 
als), 21 
sublingual gland (gl. sublingualis), 21 
tip (apex linguae), 21 
tonsils, 66 
tori 
see pads, forefeet, and hindfeet 
toruli 
see tongue, sublingual carunculae 
trabeculae 
of penis, 131 
septomarginalis, of heart, 
see heart, trabecula 
trachea, 29, 68, 69, 73, 74, 79, 82, 83, 93, 94, 109, 
111, 114, 118 
bifurcation (bifurcatio tracheae), 79, 80, 93, 
102 
cartilages of (cartilagines tracheales), 69, 75, 
79,80 
ligaments, annular (ligg- annularia), 69 
